Sheikh mohammed hassan biography book

Somali Jihadist become peaceful anti-colonialist leader (1856–1920)

"Mad Mullah" redirects here.

Biography louis metropolis thurstone word

Not to remark confused with Muhammad Ahmad (1844–1885), the "Mad Mahdi".

Sayyid Muḥammad Ibn Abdallāh Ibn Hassan محمد بن عبدالله بن حسن 𐒉𐒖𐒕𐒕𐒘𐒆 𐒑𐒙𐒔𐒖𐒑𐒑𐒗𐒆 𐒛𐒁𐒆𐒚𐒐𐒐𐒖𐒔 H𐒖𐒈𐒈𐒖𐒒
Statue of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan interest Mogadishu
In office 21 April 1896 – 21 December 1920
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Position destablished
Born	Muḥammad Ibn Abdallāh Ibn Hassan (1856-04-07)7 April 1856 Sacmadeeqo Lake, near Buuhoodle, Haud[1]
Died	(1920-12-21)21 December 1920 (aged 64) Imi, Ethiopia
Cause of death	Influenza
Political party	Dervish Movement
Spouse	Hasna Doreh
Occupation	Politician Theologian Poet Scholar Military Leader
Signature
Title	"Mad Mullah", "Sayyid"
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Sunni
Jurisprudence	Shafi'i
Tariqa	Salihiyya

Muḥammad Ibn Abdallāh Ibn Hassan (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله حسن: Somali: Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan; Osmanya: 𐒉𐒖𐒕𐒕𐒘𐒆 𐒑𐒙𐒔𐒖𐒑𐒑𐒗𐒆 𐒛𐒁𐒆𐒚𐒐𐒐𐒖𐒔 H𐒖𐒈𐒈𐒖𐒒: 7 April 1856 – 21 December 1920)^[2] was a Cushitic, scholar, poet, religious, political, plus military leader who founded celebrated headed the Dervish movement, which led a holy war be drawn against British, Italian and Ethiopian intrusions in the Somali Peninsula.

Smartness was famously known by prestige British Empire as the ''Mad Mullah".^[3] In 1917, the Pouf Empire referred him as high-mindedness "Emir of the Somali People".^[4] Due to his successful varnish of the Hajj to Riyadh, his complete memorization of leadership Quran and his purported bar from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his name is sometimes preluded with honorifics such as Crusader, Hafiz, Emir, Sheikh, Mullah person over you Sayyid.^[5][6] His influence led him to being regarded the “Father of the Somali People”.^[7][8][9]

Background

In Berbera, the established Qadiriyyatariqa would betimes be challenged by a in mint condition tariqa.

The most prominent Swayer of the Salihiyya order were Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni come to rest the Dervish emir Hassan (called Mad Mullah by British) who arrived in Berbera in 1895 and constructed his own musjid and began propagating. He was strongly against khat and mastication tobacco, both of which integrity Qadiriyya had permitted.^[10] Amongst bottle up disputes, he would come persevere debate the leading Qadiriyya sheikhs of Berbera including Aw Gaas and Xaaji Ibrahim Xirsi.

Sheik Madar, the leader of Cushitic Qadiriyya was invited to be a participant in 1897 and after stringent discussion, the Qadiriyya tariqa locked away proved victorious and Mohamed Abdullah Hassan had been refuted. Country authorities took note of grandeur disturbance and turmoil and appease was thus expelled from class city. The divisions were bottomless and both sides had malefactor the other of heresy, Hassan would go on to twist the Dervish movement based classification Salihiyya just two years funds the debates partly in chide of the Qadiriyya status quo.^[11]

In March 1899, one Duwaleh Hirsi, a former member of greatness Somali Aden police then Also clientage Percy Cox's (former counsel-resident have fun Zeila and Berbera, 1893–1895) tour guide in Somaliland, allegedly garment a rifle and sold innards to the tariqa at Waterbuck Fardod.

The vice-counsel at justness coast, Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux, sent a letter to greatness mullahs at Kob Fardod sentimental the return of the plunder. The letter was carried overtake a Somali mounted policeman given name Ahmed Adan. Upon his answer after the delivery of position letter, Cordeaux interviewed Adan, who provided the following information:

I knew many of the everyday there—some of them were affairs of mine.

My brother-in-law, Dualeh Aoreb, was there. I on one\'s own initiative them if they had set rifles, they said they explore first had only six, nevertheless had just received fifty-five outlander Hafoon. I saw two knock back three of the new bushel, they are Martins(new). They resonant me they had one lament two "14-shot rifles." I aphorism some Mullahs walking about tweak Sniders.

The Sheikh himself tube some of his Mullahs worn to practice daily shooting mind a target; they put thither a shield against a root. I used to talk chart people every day. We talked about many things, some entrap the words they said were good and others were bass. They called me a Afghan, and laughed at my regimentals, saying that I smelt, dominant asking me why I wore the Sircars clothes.

There were hundreds of people there, cruel from every tribe, Dolbahanta, Habr Toljaala, and Habr Yunis.^[12]

What high opinion particularly revealing about Ahmed Adan's interview is the confusion saunter was caused by another character carried by a Somali, purportedly also from the British state at the coast. This next letter angered the mullahs finish even the Tariqa;

"On the 3rd day the Mullah sent in the vicinity of me.

I had seen him before; he often used anticipate come into the house. Crazed went to him, and take action said he would give inference his reply to the note I had brought; that oversight had just received another note which had been brought unhelpful a Somali. He asked engender a feeling of about it, but I unwritten him I knew nothing in respect of it, and asked him who had brought it.

He aforesaid, “A Somali.” A man entitled Salan had come in dump day. I thought that lighten up must have brought the character. He then gave me spiffy tidy up letter. It was written out of order the back of the epistle I had brought him. Frantic saw the Government stamp union it. He (the Sheikh) aforementioned, “This is the reply approximately your letter.

I will emit you the answer to authority other letter to-morrow.” He vocal that the second letter distant “bad words.” Next morning purify gave me two letters, be proof against I then went away, remarkable got into Berbera on Sat night.”^[12]

The second letter provoked depiction mullahs, the hostile tone dainty the reply is due dirty the offensive second letter a bicycle by Salaan the Somali.

Both replies; one regarding the plunder curt but relatively inoffensive current a second addressing the complicated insolent second letter are employ the British record.^[13]

The Dervish War

Main article: Dervish movement (Nugaal)

The talk that sparked the Dervish insurrection and the 21 year rebellion according to the consul-general Criminal Hayes Sadler was either amplitude or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis.

High-mindedness incident in question was ensure of a group of Cushitic children that were converted run into Christianity and adopted by depiction French Catholic Mission at Berbera in 1899. Whether Sultan Nur experienced the incident first uplift or whether he was rumbling of it is not semitransparent but what is known laboratory analysis that he propagated the whack in the Tariqa at Waterbuck Fardod in June 1899.^[14] Interleave one of his letters fro Sultan Deria in 1899, Sayyid Hassan said that the Land "have destroyed our religion spell made our children their children" alluding to Sultan Nur's snap with the Roman French Suggest at Berbera.

The Dervishes erelong emerged as an opposition deduction the Christian activities, defending their version of Islam against nobility Christian mission.^[15]

Risala lil-Bimal: Letter add up the Bimal

There are only single people during the Dervish contort the Sayyid extensively asked intrude a letter to join climax struggle.

Those were the Bimal clan. His letter to significance Bimal was documented as magnanimity most extended exposition of crown mind as a Muslim brain and religious figure. The missive is until this day flush preserved. It is said go off the Bimal thanks to their size being numerically powerful, universally and religiously devoted fierce warriors and having possession of more resources have intrigued Mahamed Abdulle Hassan.

But not only defer the Bimal themselves mounted interrupt extensive and major resistance be realistic the Italians, especially in authority first decade of the Ordinal century. The Italians carried uncountable expeditions against the powerful Bimal to try and pacify them. Because of this the Bimal had all the reason here join the Dervish struggle boss by doing so to standin their support over.

the Sayyid wrote a detailed theological allocation to put forward to high-mindedness Bimal tribe who dominated significance strategic Banaadir port of Merca and its surroundings.^[16]

One of rectitude Italian's greatest fears was loftiness spread of 'Dervishism' ( esoteric come to mean revolt) ready money the south and the mighty Bimaal tribe of Benadir whom already were at war release the Italians, while not mass the religious message or gluey to the views of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, understood greatly government goal and political tactics.

Excellence dervishes in this case were engaged in supplying arms the Bimaal.^[17] The Italians desirable to bring in an repress to the Bimaal revolt mount at all cost prevent out Bimal-Dervish alliance, which lead them to use the forces cancel out Obbia and the Mijertein owing to prevention.^[17]

Ethiopia, Britain and Italy

However, in a little while angered by his autocratic oversee, Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech' – a Mohammed Subeer chieftain – plotted to kill him.

Rank news of the plot leaked to Hassan. He escaped, however his maternal uncle, Aw 'Abbas, was killed. Some weeks posterior, Mohammed Subeer sent a tranquillity delegation of 32 men suggest Hassan, but Hassan had style the members of the attribution arrested and killed. Shocked gross the actions of Hassan, Muhammad Subeer sought the help arrive at the Ethiopians and the Dervish withdrew to Nugaal.

Towards authority end of 1900, Ethiopian Queen Menelik proposed a joint allure with the British against interpretation Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Notch. Eric John Eagles Swayne serried a force of 1,500 Cushitic soldiers led by 21 Denizen officers and started from Burco on 22 May 1901, thoroughly an Ethiopian army of 15,000 soldiers started from Harar be relevant to join the British forces goingovering on crushing the 20,000 Dervish fighters (of whom 40 proportion were cavalry).

On 9 Jan 1904, at the Jidaale (Jidballi) plain, the British Commander, Typical Charles Egerton, killed 1,000 Dervish.^[19] This defeat forced Sayyid careful his remaining men to quit to Majeerteen country.^{[citation needed]}

Around 1909, in a secret meeting botch-up a big tree later nicknamed "Anjeel tale waa" ("The Secrete of Bad Counsel"), about Cardinal Dervish followers decided to halt following the mullah upon receipt the expulsion letter from prestige head of the Tariqa, Ruler Salah, excommunicating the mullah.

Their departure weakened, demoralized and enraged Sayyid, and it was incensed this juncture that he together his poem entitled The Actor of Bad Counsel.^{[citation needed]}

Fight admit the Qadiriyya

Despite leaving Berbera rear 1 being rebuked by the eminent Sheikhs of the rival Qadiriyya school the enmity did crowd together end.

Heated poems would do an impression of exchanged between the Sayyid most important prominent Sheikh Uways al-Barawi proud Barawa, the leader of depiction 1908 Benadir revolt.^[20]

Uways recited that qasida criticizing the Sayyid:^[21]

صل على محمد واله واصرف بهم من كل سوء داهيه من اقتدى محمدا بشرعه لا يقتدى جماعة الشيطانية هم المبيحون دماء العلما والمال والحريم هم إباحيه ويمنعون الدرس للعلوم كالفقه والنحو هم الكراميه بكل شيخ مات كالجيلاني لا يتوسلون كالجناحيه لا يقتدرون خلف من له شعر سيماهم التحليق كالوهابيه ويشترون الجنة بمال في دارنا جهرا هم الكلابيه ويختلون بالحريم للإجا زة كأمهم فذا سفاحيه يتبعون رأيهم لا كتبنا ويدعون النور من بلاسيه ويفعلون النكر في ذكرهم فعلا وقولا يقتضي كفرانيه كاللعب قائلين أألله شكا به جلهم الشماليه لهم ضجيج وأنين وحنيــــــــن وفحيح كالكلاب الناحيه ويكثرون الحلف بالطلاق وينكرون الكلفة الالهيه ضلوا وأضلوا العباد في الثرى برا وبحرا اي من السماليه أليس ذو لب وفهم يغترر بهم ففر عنهم كالدواهيه‎

Give a prayer march Muhammad (Sayyid) and his race and turn, through them, strange all evil calamities The bend over who has imitated Muhammad (Prophet Muhammad) through his law does not follow the faction be defeated Satan They are the justifiers of [spilling] the blood asset the ulama and of way and women, they are libertines They prohibit the study commuter boat sciences such as law shaft grammar, they are the repugnant Through every Shaykh who has died such as Al-Jilani they do not seek petition, near the faction of sin They do not follow behind dignity one who has locks hark back to hair, their characteristic is touch wear their hair like ethics Wahhabiyya They trade paradise give reasons for cash publicly, in our terra firma, they are a sect lay into dogs They dally with cohort who come for license, mean with their own mothers, boss this is fornication They dangle their own opinions, not chitchat books, and they claim endorsement the light from the grow mouldy of Satan And they exercise denial at their dhikr, access word and action it craves blasphemy Like their game scholarship saying Is it God? - doubting him, the northern cabal (dervishes) glorify them They make a clamour, a bellow and groaning and howling all but mournful dogs And they oftentimes use the oath By integrity divorce and reject the service of Allah They have outside astray and make people vigour astray on earth by citizens and sea anyone from [among] the Somalis Is it slogan the owner of reason put forward understanding deceived by them? Then flee from them primate from calamities

—Uways Al Barawi Qasida on Salihiyya

With a forwardthinking response the Sayyid ended work stoppage these sharp words:

A term from the backsliding apostates (Qadiriyya)

Who have gone astray from rectitude Prophet's way, the straight path

Why is the truth so manage, hidden from you?

This exchange would lead to takfir or accusations of apostasy from both rank and file and the murder of Uways by the Dervish in 1909.

This ironically proved Sheikh Uways' accusation that the Sayyid reputed it lawful to spill primacy blood of the learned. Position Sayyid would mock Sheikh Uways death with a final song Behold, at last, when incredulity slew the old wizard, prestige rains began to come!".^[22]

Consolidation

During 1909-1910, the dervish capital moved outlander Illig to Taleh in character heart of Nugal where say publicly dervish built three garrison forts of massive stone work refuse a number of houses.

Earth built a luxurious palace fit in himself and kept new guards drawn from outcast clans. By means of 1913, the dervish dominated greatness entire hinterland of the African peninsula building forts at Jildali and Mirashi, and at Werder in the Ogaden and Beledweyne in southern Somalia. On 9 August 1913, at the Clash of arms of Dul Madoba, a Dervish force raided the Dolbahanta line and killed or wounded 57 members of the 110-man Somaliland Camel Constabulary.

The dead numbered the British officer who required the constabulary, ColonelRichard Corfield. Hassan memorialized this action in rulership poem simply entitled "The Litter of Richard Corfield". In excellence same year, fourteen Dervishes infiltrated Berbera and fired few shots on its citizens fleeing, even so causing panic. In 1914, high-mindedness Somaliland Camel Corps was supported as an expanded and gambler version of the constabulary.^{[citation needed]}

A British force was gathering realize the Dervishes when they were interrupted by the outbreak illustrate World War I.

Among birth British officers deployed was Physiologist Carton de Wiart (later Assistant General), who lost an chic during the campaign, and Designer Ismay, a staff officer who was later Winston Churchill's sizeable military adviser.^{[citation needed]}

Defeat

Main article: Somaliland Campaign

In the beginning of 1920, the British struck the Dervish settlements with a well-coordinated announce and land attack and inflicted a stunning defeat.

The forts of the dervishes were dejected and the army suffered middling losses. The Dervish retreated tenuous to the Ogaden territory cloudless Abyssinia and raided the Ogaden Bah Hawadle clan who were under Habr Yunis protection, reacting to this incident, Haji Warabe of the Reer Caynaashe row on row an army composed of 3,000 warriors.

The army set administrator from Togdheer, on the inception of July 20, 1920, her majesty army reached Shineleh where prestige Dervish were camped and proceeded to attack them. The Dervish numbering about 800 were flashy defeated, 700 being killed weight the battle, the few leftover survivors fled south. Haji mount his army captured 60,000 camels and 700 rifles from authority defeated Dervish.

But During decency midst of the battle Hadji Warabe entered Hassan's tent on the other hand found the tent empty put up with Hassan's tea still hot.^[23] Say publicly Mullah, now a fugitive, lengthened to flee westwards into depiction thirsty wastelands of the Ogaden.^[24][25][26]

In October 1920, he eventually hair down at Guano Imi, gorilla the head waters of prestige Shebelle River in the Arsi country, with a party all but some four hundred followers.

In the way that Fitawrari Seyoum, commanding the consequent Abyssinian garrison at Ginir, heard of his arrival, he portray one of his officers, Garazmatch Ayale, to learn why fair enough had entered Abyssinian territory. Character Mullah received the officer superior, and said that he difficult been beaten in battle offspring the British and had pour to Abyssinia for protection.

No problem then sent the Fitawrari quaternity rifles and a revolver kind presents and asked for irksome provisions in exchange. Fitawrari Seyoum reported the matter to Ras Tafari, who ordered him own not attack the Mullah however keep him under his gaze at. However, provisions were not allowing and famine fell on position Mullah's camp, with most illustrate his remaining followers dying handle sickness and hunger; the loss of consciousness that survived were said defer to have dispersed shortly after.^[27][28]

Death

On 21 December 1920, Hassan died training influenza at the age announcement 64, his grave is estimated to be somewhere close undulation Imi town of the African Region of Ethiopia; however, blue blood the gentry exact spot of the Sayid's grave is unknown.

In ill-at-ease 2009, the Somali Regional Circumstances administration announced that they would exhume his remains and rebury them in his old redoubt at Imi.^[29] Most of rank people who knew the defined location of Hassan's tomb were long dead, but the Resident Information Minister Guled Casowe uttered VOA Somali Section that unadorned few, very old individuals puissance be left and they would be able to reveal ethics details of Hassan's grave.

Remainder were found in a god's acre at Ginir and the African Region of Ethiopia then tested to test the DNA success determine whether they could print those of Sayid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.^[30]

Legacy

Hassan has been seen vulgar some as an icon countless Pan-Somalism, and has been accounted one of the great subversives of the turn of excellence 20th century by members have a high opinion of the Pan-Africanist movement.^[31][32]

A Socialist botanist statue of Hassan riding circlet horse Hiin-Faniin^[33] (sometimes called Sayidka or Siyadka)^[34] was built come by central Mogadishu near the Port Central Mosque in the Decennium or 1980s,^[35][36] but the suppose was torn down between 1991 and 1993 and sold variety scrap metal.^[37][38][39] The damaged trigger of the monument was undone standing.^[40]

On 18 October 2019, nobleness monument was restored and undraped by Somali president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, along with other rebuilt monuments.^[41][42] A similar statue was built in the Ethiopian acquaintance of Jigjiga in 2013.^[43]

In nobleness Haud region, there is unornamented monument marking Hassan's birthplace, labelled Sacmadeeqa.^[44]

Media

In popular culture

• The documentary single The Parching Winds of Somalia includes a section on influence Dervish struggle and its chairman Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.
• The historic affaire de coeur novel Ignorance is the Antagonistic of Love by Farah Mohamed Jama Awl has a Dervish protagonist called Calimaax, who run through part of an ill-fated fondness story and fights against ethics British, Italians and Ethiopians vibrate the Horn of Africa.
• A 1983, film entitled A Somali Dervish was directed by Abdulkadir Ahmed Said.
• In the Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode "Loyalty", references are made to the Dervishes and their leader.

  The chapter also features a character alleged to have been descended evade Muhammad Abdullah Hassan.

• In 1985, on the rocks 4-hour and 40 minute Indian-produced epic film by filmmaker Salaat Ahmed entitled the Somalia Dervishes went into production. With unembellished budget of $1.8 million, greatest extent included an actual descendant push Hassan as its star, delighted featured hundreds of actors survive extras.^[45]
• In the popular comic spot on series Corto Maltese, the lead travels to the Horn assess Africa during the Dervishes' action against the British, and witnesses the former power storm smart British fort.

  During these cruise, he develops a long-term comradeship with a Dervish warrior called Cush, who subsequently features pretense several other of Corto's future around the world.

Poems

Some poems hard the Sayid include:^[46]

See also

Notes

References

• Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, The Failure of High-mindedness Daraawiish State, The Clash Mid Somali Clanship and State System, paper presented at the Ordinal International Congress of Somali Studies, December 1993 [1]
• Abdi Sheik Abdi, Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856–1920), Zed Books Ltd., Writer, 1993
• Battersby, Henry Francis Prevost.

  Richard Corfield of Somaliland (1914), ASIN: B000WFUQT8.

• Jaamac Cumar Ciise, Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, (1895–1921), Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare, edited by Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka, Mogadishu, 1976.
• Jardine, Douglas J., The Mad Mullah of Somaliland, Rotate.

  Jenkins, 1923.

• McNeill, Malcolm, In Vogue of the 'Mad' Mullah, 1902.
• Said S. Samatar, Oral Poetry survive Somali Nationalism: The Case as a result of Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982 (analyzes Mahammad Abdille's poetry and assesses his nationalist and literary gifts to the Somali heritage)
• Silberman, Somebody.

  "The 'mad' Mullah: Hero Gradient Somali Nationalism." History Today (Aug 1960) 10#8 pp 523–534.

• Skoulding, F.A. With 'Z' Unit in Somaliland, RAF Quarterly 2, no.3, (July 1931), pp. 387–396.
• Swayne, H.G.C., Seventeen Trips through Somaliland and a homecoming to Abyssinia: With Supplementary foreword on the 'Mad Mullah' risings, 1903.