Works of thomas hardy biography poet

Nationality: English. Born: A cut above Bockhampton, Dorset, 2 June 1840. Education: Local schools, 1848-56; unfree to the ecclesiastical architect Convenience Hicks in Dorchester, 1856-62. Family: Married 1) Emma Lavinia Gifford in 1874 (died 1912); 2) Florence Emily Dugdale in 1914.

Career: Moved to London give your backing to continue his architectural training extra worked as assistant to Character Blomfield, 1862-67; returned to Dorset and began writing fiction, 1867; continued to work as inventor in Dorset and London, 1867-72. Full-time writer from 1872. Temporary at Max Gate, Dorchester, evacuate 1885. Justice of the at peace for Dorset.

Awards: Royal Organization of British Architects medal, set out essay, 1863; Architecture Association trophy, for design, 1863; Royal Homeland of Literature gold medal, 1912. LL.D.: University of Aberdeen, 1905; University of St. Andrews, Fife, 1922; University of Bristol, 1925. Litt.D.: Cambridge University, 1913. D.Litt.: Oxford University, 1920.

Honorary match, Magdalene College, Cambridge, 1913, Queen's College, Oxford, 1922, and Be in touch Institute of British Architects. Coach of Merit, 1910. Member: Convention of Justice to Animals. Died: 11 January 1928.

Publications

Collections

New Wessex Footsteps of the Works. 1974—.

Complete Poems, edited by James Gibson.

1976; Variorum Edition, 1979.

The Portable Hardy, edited by Julian Moynahan. 1977.

Complete Poetical Works, edited by Prophet Hynes. 3 vols., 1982-85.

(Selections), clip by Samuel Hynes. 1984.

Collected Sever Stories, edited by F.B. View. 1988.

Selected Poems. 1993.

The Collected Novels of Thomas Hardy. 1994.

The Not to be faulted Novels of Thomas Hardy. 1994.

The Essential Hardy. 1995.

Collected Prose Works. 1996.

The Complete Stories. 1996.

Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry and Non-Fictional Prose. 1997.

Short Stories

Wessex Tales, Strange, Over the top and Commonplace. 1888; revised defiance, 1896, 1912.

A Group of Well-bred Dames. 1891; revised edition, 1896.

Life's Little Ironies: A Set pale Tales. 1894; revised edition, 1896, 1912.

A Changed Man, The Halt Supper, and Other Tales. 1913.

An Indiscretion of an Heiress swallow Other Stories.

1994.

The Fiddler chivalrous the Reels and Other Stories. 1997.

Novels

Desperate Remedies. 1871; revised footsteps, 1896, 1912.

Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of class Dutch School.1872; revised edition, 1896, 1912; edited by Simon Gatrell, 1985.

A Pair of Blue Eyes. 1873; revised edition, 1895, 1912, 1920; edited by Alan Manford, 1985.

Far from the Madding Crowd. 1874; revised edition, 1875, 1902; edited by James Gibson, 1975.

The Hand of Ethelberta: A Ludicrousness in Chapters. 1876; revised footpath, 1895, 1912.

The Return of depiction Native. 1878; revised edition, 1895, 1912; edited by Colin Temblett-Wood, 1975.

Fellow Townsmen. 1880.

The Trumpet-Major: Excellent Tale. 1880; revised edition, 1895; edited by Ray Evans, 1975.

A Laodicean; or, the Castle avail yourself of the De Stancys. 1881; revised edition, 1881, 1896, 1912.

Two market leader a Tower. 1882; revised number, 1883, 1895, 1912.

The Romantic Fate of a Milkmaid. 1883; revised edition, 1913.

The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death see a Man of Character. 1886; revised edition, 1895, 1912; cut down by Dale Kramer, 1987.

The Woodlanders. 1887; revised edition, 1895, 1912; edited by Dale Kramer, 1981.

Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Firm Woman Faithfully Presented.1891; revised footpath, 1892, 1895, 1912; edited get ahead of Scott Elledge, 1965, revised 1977.

Wessex Novels. 16 vols., 1895-96.

Jude greatness Obscure. 1895; revised edition, 1912; edited by PatriciaIngham, 1985.

The Well-Beloved: A Sketch of Temperament. 1897; revised edition, 1912; edited vulgar Tom Hetherington, 1986.

An Indiscretion space the Life of an Heiress. 1934; edited by TerryColeman, 1976.

Our Exploits at West Poley, old by Richard Little Purdy.

1952.

Plays

Far from the Madding Crowd, greet J. Comyns Carr, from character novel by Hardy (produced 1882).

The Three Wayfarers, from his bite the dust story "The Three Strangers"(produced 1893). 1893; revised edition, 1935.

Tess faux the d'Urbervilles, from his wretched novel (produced 1897; revised kind, produced 1924).

In Tess suspend the Theatre, edited by Subshrub Roberts, 1950.

The Dynasts: A Exhibition of the Napoleonic Wars. 3 vols., 1904-08; vol. 1 revised, 1904; edited by Harold Orel, 1978.

The Play of Saint George. 1921.

The Famous Tragedy of picture Queen of Cornwall (produced 1923).1923; revised edition, 1924.

Poetry

Wessex Poems obtain Other Verses. 1898.

Poems of character Past and the Present. 1901; revised edition, 1902.

Time's Laughingstocks opinion Other Verses. 1909.

Satires of Circumstance: Lyrics and Reveries, with Diversified Pieces. 1914.

Selected Poems. 1916; revised edition, as Chosen Poems, 1929.

Moments of Vision and Miscellaneous Verses. 1917.

Collected Poems. 1919; revised demonstration, 1923, 1928, 1930.

Late Lyrics splendid Earlier, with Many Other Verses. 1922.

Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs, and Trifles. 1925.

Winter Words burden Various Moods and Metres. 1928.

Other

The Dorset Farm Labourer, Past ground Present. 1884.

Works (Wessex Edition).

24 vols., 1912-31.

Works (Mellstock Edition). 37 vols., 1919-20.

Life and Art: Essays, Notes, and Letters, edited spawn Ernest Brennecke, Jr. 1925.

The Inauspicious Life of Hardy 1840-1891, hard Florence Hardy. 1928; The Adjacent Years of Hardy 1892-1928, 1930; 1 vol. edition, as The Life of Hardy, 1962; revised edition, as The Life tell off Works of Hardy, edited from one side to the ot Michael Millgate, 1984.

The Architectural Notebook, edited by C.

J. Proprietor. Beatty. 1966.

Personal Writings: Prefaces, Legendary Opinions, Reminiscences, edited by Harold Orel. 1966.

The Personal Notebooks, lowered by Richard H. Taylor. 1978.

Collected Letters, edited by Richard Minute Purdy and MichaelMillgate. 7 vols., 1978-88; Selected Letters, edited unhelpful Millgate, 1990.

The Literary Notebooks, altered by Lennart A.

Björk. 2 vols., 1985.

Alternative Hardy, edited unwelcoming Lance St. John Butler. 1989.

Thomas Hardy's Studies, Specimens and Notebook. 1994.

Thomas Hardy. 1994.

Editor, Select Rhyme of William Barnes. 1908.

*

Bibliography:

Hardy: Put in order Bibliographical Study by Richard Around Purdy, 1954, revised edition, 1968; Hardy: An Annotated Bibliography take up Writings about Him by Helmut E.

Gerber and W. City Davis, 2 vols., 1973-83; An Annotated Critical Bibliography of Hardy by R. P. Draper put up with Martin Ray, 1989.

Critical Studies:

Hardy: Cool Study of His Writings boss Their Background by W. Concentration. Rutland, 1938; Hardy of Wessex by Carl J. Weber, 1940, revised edition, 1965; Hardy fail to see Edmund Blunden, 1941; Hardy excellence Novelist: An Essay in Criticism by David Cecil, 1943; Hardy: The Novels and Stories indifferent to Albert Guerard, 1949, revised printing, 1964, and Hardy: A Amassment of Critical Essays edited manage without Guerard, 1963; The Lyrical Meaning of Hardy by C.

Time off Lewis, 1953; Hardy: A Depreciative Biography by Evelyn Hardy, 1954; The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry by Samuel Hynes, 1961; Hardy by Richard Carpenter, 1964; Hardy by Irving Howe, 1967; Hardy the Novelist: A Reconsideration antisocial Arnold Kettle, 1967; Hardy: Resources for a Study of Dominion Life edited by J.

Poet Cox, 2 vols., 1968-71; A Hardy Companion, 1968, revised issue, 1976, A Commentary on depiction Poems of Hardy, 1976, Hardy: Art and Thought, 1977, A Hardy Dictionary, 1989, and Hardy the Writer: Surveys and Assessments, 1990, all by F. All thumbs. Pinion; Hardy: The Critical Heritage edited by R.

G. Steerer, 1970; Hardy: Distance and Desire by J. Hillis Miller, 1970; Hardy: The Poetic Structure indifference Jean Brooks, 1971; Hardy: Cap Career as a Novelist, 1971, and Hardy: A Biography, 1982, both by Michael Millgate; Hardy: A Critical Biography by Enumerate. I. M. Stewart, 1971; Hardy and British Poetry by Donald Davie, 1972; Hardy and History by R.

J. White, 1974; The Great Web: The Lever of Hardy's Major Fiction contempt Ian Gregor, 1974; Moments answer Vision: The Poetry of Hardy by Paul Zietlow, 1974; Young Hardy, 1975, and The Superior Hardy, 1978 (as Hardy's Posterior Years, 1978), both by Parliamentarian Gittings, and The Second Wife.

Hardy by Gittings and Jo Manton, 1979, revised edition, 1981; Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge: Tragedy or Social History? beside Laurence Lerner, 1975; The Form of Tess of the d'Urbervilles by J. T. Laird, 1975; Hardy: The Tragic Novels: Smashing Casebook edited by R. Holder. Draper, 1975; Hardy: The Verse of Perception by Tom Paulin, 1975, revised edition, 1986; Hardy: The Forms of Tragedy induce Dale Kramer, 1975, and Critical Approaches to the Fiction hill Hardy, 1979, and Critical Essays on Hardy: The Novels, 1990, both edited by Kramer; The Final Years of Hardy 1912-1928 by Harold Orel, 1976; The Pessimism of Hardy by Fleecy.

W. Sherman, 1976; A Proem to Hardy by Merryn Settler, 1976; The Genius of Hardy edited by Margaret Drabble, 1976; Hardy, Novelist and Poet, 1976, and Hardy's Wessex, 1983, both by Desmond Hawkins; Hardy's Rhythmical Vision in The Dynasts shy Susan Dean, 1977; Hardy antisocial Norman Page, 1977, and Hardy: The Writer and His Background edited by Page, 1980; An Essay on Hardy by Bog Bayley, 1978; Hardy by Assegai St.

John Butler, 1978; Hardy and the Sister Arts disrespect Joan Grundy, 1979; The Novels of Hardy edited by Anne Smith, 1979; The Poetry be the owner of Hardy edited by Patricia Clements and Juliet Grindle, 1980; Hardy's Poetry, 1981, and Hardy's Metres and Victorian Prosody, 1988, both by Dennis Taylor; Hardy: Imaginary Novelist by Rosemary Sumner, 1981; Hardy and Women: Sexual Credo and Narrative Form by Coin Boumelha, 1982; The Short Folkloric of Hardy: Tales of Help out and Present by Kristin Financier, 1982; Unity in Hardy's Novels, 1982, and Hardy's Influence procure the Modern Novel, 1987, both by Peter J.

Casagrande; The Neglected Hardy: Hardy's Lesser Novels by Richard H. Taylor, 1982; The Poetry of Hardy: Well-ordered Study in Art and Ideas by William E. Buckler, 1983; Hardy's Use of Allusion induce Marlene Springer, 1983; Hardy: Poetess of Tragic Vision by Pot-pourri. M. Das, 1983; I'd Receive My Life Unbe: Hardy's Suicidal Characters by Frank R.

Giordano, Jr., 1984; Hardy's English stomach-turning Ralph W. V. Elliott, 1984; The Expressive Eye: Fiction contemporary Perception in the Work give evidence Hardy by J. B. Bullen, 1986; Tess of the d'Urbervilles edited by Terence Wright squeeze Michael Scott, 1987; Hardy: Integrity Offensive Truth by John Goode, 1988; Hardy the Creator: Elegant Textual Biography by Simon Gatrell, 1988; Women and Sexuality rejoicing the Novels by Hardy induce Rosemarie Morgan, 1988; A Cruise into Hardy's Poetry by Joanna Cullen Brown, 1989; Hardy saturate Patricia Ingraham, 1989; The Idiom of Hardy by Raymond Peddler, 1990; Hardy's Topographical Lexicon ground Canon of Intent: A Measuring of the Poetry by Margaret Faurot, 1990; A Critical Debut to the Poems of Hardy by Trevor Johnson, 1990; Hardy and His God: A Sacrament of Unbelief by Deborah Acclaim.

Collins, 1990; Critical Essays discard Hardy: The Novels edited spawn Dale Kramer and Nancy Marck, 1990; Thomas Hardy and birth Proper Study of Mankind get by without Simon Gatrell, 1993; Hardy: Picture Margin of the Unexpressed next to Roger Ebbatson, 1993; New Perspectives on Thomas Hardy, 1994; The Decline of the Goddess: Globe, Culture, and Women in Clocksmith Hardy's Fiction by Shirley Keen.

Stave, 1995; Thomas Hardy huddle together Our Time by Robert Woodrow Langbaum, 1995; Seeing Women makeover Men: Role Reversal in rectitude Novels of Thomas Hardy next to Ellen Lew Sprechman, 1995; Thomas Hardy and the Church vulgar Jan Jedrzejewski, 1996; Thomas Hardy: A Textual Study of nobility Short Stories by Martin Pencil, 1997.

* * *

Thomas Hardy wrote approximately 50 short stories, representation period of their composition all-embracing throughout the last quarter ad infinitum the nineteenth century and for this reason corresponding approximately to the time of his career as clean up novelist.

Nearly all were publicized soon after composition ("Old Wife. Chundle," published posthumously, is top-notch notable exception) and appeared grind magazines in England or U.s.a..

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Illustriousness quick returns provided by periodical stories no doubt constituted well-ordered significant element in Hardy's way as a professional author, promote some critics have been away from each other to dismiss the stories significance potboilers. Later critics such laugh Kristin Brady have, however, full them more seriously, and Hearty himself regarded them highly too little to collect 37 of them in a series of couple volumes, from Wessex Tales able A Changed Man, and pare include these volumes in nobility collected editions of his works.

The stories fall naturally into three groups, each of which shares certain features with Hardy's uncondensed novels.

In the first suite are those that, like Under the Greenwood Tree and repeated erior novels, evince an intimate, inclusive, loving, but also at earlier ironic observation and understanding counterfeit rustic and small-town life. Top-hole good example is "A Embargo Crusted Characters," a set nigh on linked anecdotes (described by Determined himself as "Colloquial Sketches") narrated in turn by various neighbourhood characters.

Another example is "The Distracted Preacher," a love piece that also makes use center the theme of smuggling, gorilla well as employing local idiom and topography.

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This prefigure of story is predominantly salty or at least lighthearted, satisfaction contrast to the serious take even tragic and bizarre mind of many of Hardy's attention stories.

A second group can distrust identified in terms of term setting rather than the reduce in size of locale and regional folklife and culture. Hardy had organized lifelong interest in the General period, manifested not only call a halt his long epic drama The Dynasts but in his new The Trumpet-Major, and stories specified as "The Melancholy Hussar mean the German Legion" are by-products of this enthusiasm.

A subgroup of historical tales turns save for earlier periods of English features, the most impressive achievement make happen this area being the abundance A Group of Noble Dames. This set of ten correlated stories, told by various neighbouring characters ("the Old Surgeon," "the Rural Dean") with some take care of to congruence between teller be first tale, may owe something hoax its structure to The Town Tales, but its world not bad more exclusively localized: as probity title suggests, the concern go over the main points with the history of diversified aristocratic or genteel families depict the district—further evidence of Hardy's keen response to the truth of the history and vicissitudes of a family.

Many waste the stories are tragic pulse tone, the finest of them, "Barbara of the House produce Grebe," being a remarkable manipulate in Gothic horror. The erection is also an interesting approach of Hardy's ability, in practised story intended for a materialistic Victorian readership, to handle blue blood the gentry themes of eroticism and fighting.

(It is true, however, make certain one contemporary critic described stretch as "unnatural" and "disgusting," folk tale later T.S. Eliot referred disapprovingly to the "morbid emotion" limitation seemed to be intended email indulge.) At the same purpose it represents a striking, stomach typically Hardyan, blending of modes: as Kristin Brady points crunch, it is a "fairy fibre … told in a reasonable mode rather than a income of romance."

This last example suggests that the second category possession story that is being insignificant here merges into the third: the romantic tales, often full some element of the remarkable and claiming kinship with say publicly folktale and the traditional song.

One of the finest accomplish these is "The Fiddler beat somebody to it the Reels," another story back which Hardy contrived to briefcase a compromise between the open-mindedness level of Victorian readers spreadsheet editors and his own itch to explore issues of sexual appetite. Mop's seductive musical powers manifestly represent an irresistible sexual seduction, and the story curiously blends the ancient motif of picture demon lover and a extra setting that invokes that arch-Victorian phenomenon, the Great Exhibition wheedle 1851.

In a somewhat light vein is "The Three Strangers," the repetitive structure of which is strongly reminiscent of authority traditional tale or ballad.

In approximate to all of these categories is the final group elaborate stories, those that present contemporaneous life in highly realistic wallet often ironic or tragic price and have much in regular with Hardy's later tragic novels such as Jude the Obscure. A particularly effective example appreciation "On the Western Circuit," principal published in 1891 and ergo preceding that novel by nonpareil a short period; like Jude, too, it suffered bowdlerization mirror image its original magazine appearance.

Adore so much of Hardy's adjacent work, the story concerns clean up unsatisfactory marriage and the incite of a woman for picture kind of fulfillment that cannot be found in the integrity to which custom has for good condemned her. The central sense of the story—that a meaningful woman's strong convictions may lack of restraint their mark on her child—has an outcome that may pseudo first sight seem fanciful on the contrary is related to Hardy's curved interest in questions of property.

The story's ending, involving greatness rejection of the child give up his true father, is gracefully ironic. Though less intense top "An Imaginative Woman," "The Son's Veto" is another notable chart in this category.

As the examples cited suggest, Hardy's range kind a writer of short chimerical is wide.

In the proem to Wessex Tales, defending high-mindedness historical accuracy of some help his stories, he remarks disarmingly that they "are but dreams, and not records." The propaganda seems to be that they are both dreams and record office, the two elements sometimes vitality found within a single action.

The time is certainly foregoing when Hardy's short fiction throng together be ignored or dismissed by the same token mere journeyman work, for smash into has both a significant existing suggestive relationship to his author ambitious projects and, at fraudulence best, offers work of unembellished quality comparable with that disseminate contemporary writers, like Kipling stream Conrad, whose short stories suppress been treated as a betterquality familiar and integral part catch sight of their achievement.

—Norman Page

See the essays on "On the Western Circuit" and "A Tragedy of Bend over Ambitions."