Biography of shehu usman dan fodio photos

First Caliph of prestige Sokoto Caliphate

Shehu Usman dan Fodiopronunciation^ⓘ (Arabic: عثمان بن فودي, romanized:&#;ʿUthmān ibn Fūdī; full name; 15 December – 20 April ).^[4] (Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Saalih ibn Haarun ibn Muhammad Ghurdu ibn Muhammad Jubba ibn Muhammad Sambo ibn Maysiran ibn Ayyub ibn Buba Baba ibn Musa Jokolli ibn Vicar Dembube`)^[5] was a Fulani schoolboy, Islamic religious teacher, poet, insurgent and a philosopher who supported the Sokoto Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph.^[6]

After position successful revolution, the "Jama'a" gave him the title Amir al-Mu'minin (commander of the faithful).

Pacify rejected the throne and enlarged calling to Islam.

Born radiate Gobir, Usman was a infant of the Torodbe clans all but urbanized ethnic Fulani people live in the Hausa Kingdoms by reason of the early s.^[7] In absolutely life, Usman became well well-read in Islamic studies and in a little while, he began to preach Sect Islam throughout Nigeria and Volcano.

He wrote more than swell hundred books concerning religion, management, culture and society. He cultivated a critique of existing Mortal Muslim elites for what unquestionable saw as their greed, scepticism, violation of the standards have a high regard for the Sharia.^[8]

Usman formed and began an Islamic religious and community revolution which spread from Gobir throughout modern Nigeria and Volcano.

This revolution influenced other rebellions across West Africa and before. In , he founded illustriousness Sokoto Caliphate and his set attendants pledged allegiance to him restructuring the Commander of the Lifelike (Amīr al-Muʾminīn). Usman declared nisus against the tyrannical kings distinguished defeated the kings. Under Usman's leadership, the caliphate expanded bump into present-day Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gray Niger and most of Boreal Nigeria.

Ɗan Fodio declined undue of the pomp of coronet, and while developing contacts darn religious reformists and jihad forerunners across Africa, he soon passed actual leadership of the Sokoto state to his son, Muhammed Bello.^[9]

He encouraged literacy and lore, for women as well on account of men, and several of coronet daughters emerged as scholars abstruse writers.^[10] His writings and doctrine continue to be much quoted today, and are often confidentially referred to as Shehu rise Nigeria.

Some followers consider ɗan Fodio to have been precise mujaddid, a divinely sent "reformer of Islam".^[11] Shehu dan Fodio's uprising was a major stage of a movement described by the same token the jihad in the Ordinal, 18th and 19th centuries.^[12] Become followed the jihads successfully waged in Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro and Fouta Djallon between gleam , which led to decency creation of those three Islamic states.

In his turn, interpretation Shehu inspired a number weekend away later West African jihads, plus those of Seku Amadu, frontiersman of the Massina Empire added Omar Saidou Tall, founder short vacation the Toucouleur Empire, who husbandly one of ɗan Fodio's granddaughters.

Early life

Lineage and childhood

Usman Danfodio belong to the generation go rotten wandering scholars who started reconcile in Hausaland since the ruthless, some – years before dignity Jihad ^[13][14] The Sheikh's genealogy were Toronkawa who migrated exotic Futa Tooro in the ferocious under the leadership of Musa Jokollo.

Musa Jokollo is representation 11th grandfather of the Shehu. There were 11 generations amidst Musa Jokollo and Shehu Danfodio.

Abdullahi dan Fodio stated ramble the Torankawa (Turubbi/Torobe) have Arabian ancestry through one Uqba who married a Fulani woman dubbed Bajjumangbu. Muhammed Bello was gather together sure if it was Uqba ibn Nafi, Uqba ibn Yasir or Uqba ibn Amir.^[15][16] Usman dan Fodio's mother Hauwa even-handed believed to be a handle descendant of Muhammad as she was descended from Maulay Idris I, the first Emir detailed Morocco, who was the great-grandchild of Hasan, grandson of Muhammad.^[5]Ahmadu Bello, the first Premier endowment Northern Nigeria and great-grandson care Muhammed Bello, also said that in his autobiography, tracing coronate family's connection to Muhammad in and out of Hauwa and Muhammad Fodio.^[17]

The Toronkawa first settled in a neighbourhood called Konni on the confines of Bornu Empire and Songhai Empire, till persecution drove them to Maratta under the dominion of Muhammad Sa'ad, the Sheikh's great-grandfather.

A faction of them split and moved to Qoloba. It was in Maratta depart Usman Danfodio was born rest 15 December He was whelped as bi Fodiye, dan Fodio or Ibn Fudiyi, 'the creature of Fodiye', his father has earned the Fulani title commemorate Fodiye 'the learned'.^[18] A other move by the sheikh's daddy, Muhammad Bn Fodio after impotent them from Maratta to Degel, but several of their still stayed in the metropolis of Konni.

Other Toronkawa, specified as Gidado's family moved appoint Kebbi.^[18]

His father Muhammad Fodio was an Islamic scholar who justness Young Danfodio will later comment in his books as accepting great influence on him. Muhammad Fodio died in Degel boss is buried there.^[18] Usman's idleness is Hauwa Bn Muhammad.

She is believed to be spruce up direct descendant of the Islamic prophetMuhammad as she was descended from Maulay Idris I, probity first Emir of Morocco.^[19][20] Usman and Abdullahi's first teacher was their mother Hauwa who came from a long line stir up famous literary scholars. Her curb, Usman's grandmother, was Ruqayyah chuck Alim, who was a be a smash hit respected ascetic and teacher.

According to Murray Last, Ruqayya not bad linked to the branch help the family noted for wear smart clothes learning. Ruqayyah's work Alkarim Yaqbal was popular among Islamic scholars of the 18th and Nineteenth century. Hauwa's father and Ruqayyah's husband, Muhammad bin Uthman number Hamm, was even more famed and respected than Ruqayya.

Agreed was regarded as the extremity learned Fulani cleric of ethics time.^[21]

Education

While Usman was young, agreed and his family shifted brave Degel where he studied birth Quran.^[22] After studying the Qur'an with his father, Danfodio awkward to other teachers.

They categorized his relations, Uthman Bn Duri, and Muhammad Sambo.^[18] After duration thought by Uthman Binduri, Danfodio joined Jibril bin Umar. Ibn Umar was a powerful bookworm and religious leader at grandeur time, who was a committed proponent of Jihad. Jibrin Ibn Umar was a controversial superstardom who later fall out decree Danfodio; his preaching on process who a Muslim is became a subject of disagreement in the middle of him and Shehu later make real life.

The Son of Ibn Umar later joined Shehu reduced the beginning of the Jihad.^[18] Other students of Ibn Umar include Danfodio's brother Abdullahi dan Fodio, and cousins Muhammad Firabri and Mustapha Bin Uthman^[18] Presume age 20, Usman set gleam his school in Degel, pacify was preaching and studying miniature the same time.

Soon equate, he became well educated surprise classical Islamic science, philosophy gift theology, and also became fine revered religious thinker.

in , Danfodio attended the assembly business his cousin Muhammad bn Raji where he received further theoretical certifications (p.7).^[18]

By , Danfodio was writing a number of books in Arabic and composing hold up poems in Fulfulde.

One be unable to find the famous of his books "Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival of the Fatidic practice and obliteration of fallacious innovation)" finished before and seems to established Danfodio's reputaion halfway contemporary scholars.^[18] In his impugn with local scholars over academicism, he wrote over 50 shop against the quibbles of shut up shop scholars.

Call to Islam

In , Usman began his itinerant address as an Mallam and elongated preaching for twelve years delete Gobir and Kebbi, followed strong further five years in Zamfara. Among Usman's well-known students incorporate his younger brother Abdullah, birth Hausa King Yunfa, and innumerable others.^[22]

His preaching tours took him from to Faru.

After sovereign return from Faru, he elongated to tour going beyond Kebbi as far as Illo get across the Niger River, and spartan the South travelling to Zugu beyond the Zamfara River dale.

Usman criticized the ruling full with his writings, condemning them for enslavement, worshiping idols, propitiatory rituals, overtaxation, arbitrary rule lecturer greed.^[23] He also insisted go through with a fine-tooth comb the observance of the Malikifiqh in personal observances as on top form as in commercial and dishonest law.

Usman also denounced honesty mixing of men and unit, pagan customs, dancing at conjugal feasts, and inheritance practices combat women contrary to Sharia.^[24] Erelong, the young Danfodio got burdensome followership among the peasants with the addition of other lower class.^[18]

Usman broke deseed the royal court and ragged his influence to secure backing for creating a religious citizens in his hometown of Degel that would, he hoped, happen to a model town.

He stayed there for 20 years, terms, teaching and preaching. As link with other Islamic societies, the independence of Muslim communities under ulema leadership made it possible surpass resist the state and significance state version of Islam hillock the name of sharia most important the ideal caliphate.^[14]

He was further influenced by the mushahada travesty mystical visions he was acceptance.

In , a vision with nothing on him to believe he difficult to understand the power to work miracles, and to teach his play down mystical wird, or litany. King litanies are still widely skilful and distributed in the Islamic world.^[25] In the s, Usman later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani, (the founder show signs of the Qadiritariqah) and ascension check in heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and justness spiritual lineage of Muhammad.

Usman later became head of surmount Qadiriyya brotherhood calling for prestige purification of Islamic practices.^[23] Realm theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid (renewer) celebrated the role of the Ulema in teaching history, and cover up works in Arabic and character Fula language.^[14]

Notable works

Danfodio wrote addition than a hundred books relative Economy, History, Law, Administration, Women's rights, government, culture, Politics direct society.

He wrote poems slope Arabic, Fulfulde, and Hausa languages.^[26]

Balogun (, PP. ) has compiled a list of works get your skates on various sources ^[27].Notable among rulership works include; ^[28]

1. Usul al-`Adl (Principles of Justice)
2. Bayan Wujub al-hijrah `ala’l-`ibad7 (description of the obligation late migration for People).
3. Nur al-Ibad (Light of the Slaves)
4. Najm al-Ikhwan (Star of the Brothers)
5. Siraj al-Ikhwan (Lamp for the Brothers)
6. Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival exhaustive the Prophetic practice and ruin of false innovation)
7. Kitab al-Farq (Book of the Difference)
8. .

   Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (Description of the Devilish innovations)

9. Abd Al-Qādir b. Mustafā (ten questions put into verse because of ‘Uthmanb. Fūdī in one blame his non-Arabic poems.)
10. Ādāb al-‘ādāt
11. Ādāb al-ākhira
12. ‘Adad al-dā’i ilā al-dīn
13. Akhlāq al-mustafā
14. Al-abyāt ‘alā ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī
15. Al-ādāb.
16. Al-ajwibah al-muharrara ‘an al-as’ilat al-muqarrara fī wathīqat Shīsmas.
17. ‘Alāmāt almuttabi‘in li sunna rasūl Allāh min al-rijāl wa-al-nisā’
18. Al-amr bi-al-ma’rūf wa-al-nahy an al-munkar (enjoining the positive and forbidding the evil)
19. Al-amr bi-muwālāt al-mu’minīn wa-al-nahy ‘an muwālāt al-kāfirīn.
20. .

    Al- ‘aql al-awwal.

21. Al-dālī li-Shaikh ‘Uthmān.
22. Al-farq baina ‘ilm usūl al-dīn wa baina ‘ilm al-kalām.
23. Al-farq baina wilāyāt ahl al-kufr fi wilāyātihim wa-baina wilāyāt hl al-islam fī wilāyātihim
24. Al-fasl al-awwal
25. Al-hamzīyah
26. Al-jāmi’.
27. Al-jihād
28. Al-khabar al-hādī ilā umūr al-imām al-mahdī

Reforms

Women rights

The first major rebel action that Danfodio took classify the beginning of his flux was the mass education worldly women.

The Shehu criticized body for neglecting half of living soul beings and ‘leaving them forlorn like beasts’ (Nur al-Albab, proprietor. 10, quoted by Shagari & Boyd, , p. 39).^[29] Forbidden responded convincingly to objections concave against this (ibid. pp. ) raised by Elkanemi of Borno.

He equally educated and cultured his sons and his heirs who carried on his employment after him.^[10] Several of coronate daughters emerged as scholars see writers. Especially his daughter Nana Asma’u translated some of show father’s work into local languages.

It was particularly revolutionary rot the time because Danfodio unequivocal that women were to catch the exact kind of tuition as men and thus noteworthy placed them in the sign up classrooms.^[30]

Economic reforms

The Shehu strongly criticized the Hausa ruling elite ask their heavy taxation and transgression of the Muslim Law.

Do something ‘condemned oppression, all unfairness, rank giving and acceptance of bribes, the imposition of unfair duty, the seizing of land get ahead of force, unauthorized grazing of molest people’s crops, extraction of pennilessness from the poor, imprisonment expand false charges and all curb injustices (Shagari and Boyd, , p.

15). The Shehu’s set attendants were required not to carry on idle. They were encouraged soft-soap learn a craft in dictate to earn a living. Lawful was considered improper to equal finish what one had not justified by one’s own efforts’. They engaged in various handcrafts simulate produce necessities of life (Shagari and Boyd, ,.

p. 18).

He argued for revival compensation just Islamic economic institutions specified as al-hisbah, hima, bayt al-mal (State treasury), Zakat, Waqf, etc. Mostly his economic ideas archetypal found in his work Bayan Wujub al-Hijrah `ala’-Ibad. Other shop in which some economic meaning are found are Kitab al-Farq, Siraj al-Ikhwan, Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, Najm al-Ikhwan and Nur al-Ibad.^[31]

Economic system

The Shehu advocates foundation admire an economic system based lead values such as justice, frankness, moderation, modesty, honesty, etc.

According to him justice is distinction key for progress while favouritism leads to decadence. A unbiased government can last even buy and sell unbelief but it cannot stay with injustice(Dan Fodio, , proprietress. ). On the other participation he warned against the dangerous practices such as fraud, pollution and extravagance and their defective consequences in the economy (Dan Fodio, , p.

). Powder exalted labour and hard preventable, and rejected begging. He pleased his follower to engage layer earning livelihood even through erior ordinary occupation (Kani, , pp. ). Division of labour prep added to cooperation occupy a very elevated place in his economic meditation (Balogun, , p. 30, quoted by Sule Ahmed Gusau, ).^[32] Property earned through fraudulent recipe would be confiscated and primacy funds obtained credited to say publicly state treasury.

The Shehu was very emphatic on Fair be bought functioning. In his work Bayan al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (On Satanic Innovations) he forbade ignorant persons outlandish dealing in market. It remains for the sake of justice in dealing in the shop that he emphasized revival help the Hisba institutions whose functions include checking the prices, Allow of the quality of artifact, correct weights and measures, anticipation of Fraud and Usurious laws, removal of Monopolisation of compounds, etc.

(The Shehu’s work al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, quoted by Kani, possessor. 65).^[33]

Public expenditure

On public expenditure, loftiness Shehu based his ideas admirer Ibn al-Juza’iy (d/) and al-Ghazali (d. ). In his thesis to the Emirs, Shehu emphasized expenditure on Defence by foresight armaments and by paying troops body.

If there remains anything, secede goes to the judges, on the trot officials, for the building light mosques and bridges and misuse it is divided among illustriousness poor. If any still corpse, the Emir has the privilege of either giving it put a stop to the rich or keeping habitual (in the bayt al-mal) hyperbole deal with disasters that possibly will occur (ibid.

p. , quoted by Gusau, , pp. ).^[32]

According to the Shehu, the zakat al-fitr (poor due at ethics fast breaking) would be tired on the poor and birth needy only. The state's capital is not exclusively for grandeur poor. Nor is it defensible to spend equally on lie heads of expenditure (Gusau, , pp.

).

Land reforms

All holdings belong to the state. Picture Shehu declared all lands translation Waqf, or owned by nobleness entire community. However, the Leading allocated land to individuals do an impression of families, as could an ameer. Such land could be connate by family members but could not be sold. Tax make quiet land was introduced.

Background top the Jihad

Origins and foundation

In –the s, Usman's reputation increased slightly he appealed to justice careful morality and rallied the riff-raff of Hausa society.^[22] The Nigerian peasants, slaves and preachers thin Usman, as well as high-mindedness Toureg, Fulbe and Fulani pastoralists who are overtaxed and their cattle seized by powerful authority officials.^[18] These pastoralist communities were led by the clerics sustenance in rural communities who were Fulfulde speakers and closely contiguous to the pastoralists.

Many bequest Usman's followers later hold probity most important offices of blue blood the gentry new states. Usman's jihad served to integrate several peoples ways a single religious-political movement.^[34] Nobility sultan responded violently to Danfodio's Islamic Community. Some members designate the Jama'a were imprisoned.^[18]

In integrity Shaykh’s book, “Tanbih al-ikhwan”, incredulity get his brother’s account forfeiture why the Jihad began.

That was narrated by Abdullah efficient the insistence of the Shaykh himself

The king of Gobir then started provoking some enterprise the Shaykhs followers and terrorized them. He dispatched a movement against them, and in precise particular instance, his troops captured some of our men, inclusive of their wives and children spell started selling them as slaves before our eyes.

We were even threatened that the selfsame fate might befall us yourselves.

Eventually, the Sarkin Gobir dispatched a message to Shehu fixing him to take his descendants away and leave his zone but that he must groan take along with him dick of his pon the Shaykh replied;

" I liking not part with my get out, but I am prepared rear leave along with all those who wish to follow badly behaved.

Those who choose to inaccessible can of course do so’. We made our Hijra exotic their midst on that Weekday in the year (). Soupзon the 12th of Zulki’da awe reached the wilderness of distinction frontier. Muslims kept on assembly their own Hijra to counter us. Sarkin Gobir instructed those in authority under him put your name down seize the possessions of those making Hijra and to showground their people coming to espouse us…”

—&#;Abdullahi bin Fodio, Tanbih Al-Ikhwan

By the year –89, The budge of Gobir began declining, tempt the power of the Shehu is increasing.

Feeling threatened picture year old ailing Sultan achieve Gobir, Bawa Jan Gwarzo summoned Shehu at Magami during Eid al-Adha.^[18] All the scholars noise the royal court joined Danfodio's followers leaving the Sultan. Danfodio managed to win the illustrious 5 concessions. These are what Danfodio demanded;^[18]

1. That all prisoners skin free
2. That anyman wearing the Pillbox (A symbol of Shehu's Islamic Community - The Jama'a) superiority respected.
3. To be allowed to yell to God
4. And none should emerging stopped from responding to influence call.
5. That his subjects should shed tears be burdened with tax.

Conflict get used to Nafata

After Bawa's death, the streak of Gobir continue to grovel due to battles with nobility neighbouring states.

Yaaqub son prepare Bawa was killed in far-out battle, hostility between Gobir suffer Zamfara crystallised.^[18] In Zurmi,Ali Al-faris, the leader of the Alibawa Clan of Fulani was handle by the Gobirawa, the Alibawa will later join hands assemble the Shehu. The Zamafarawa moreover, who were recently subdued indifferent to the Gobirawa were again girder revolt and Nafata lacked righteousness power to put the uprising down.

At home, the Shehu is getting massive followership fall back the expense of the Sultan.^[18]

In –98, King Nafata of Gobir in trying to quel rectitude power of the Shehu certain to delegalise some Islamic encode. He forbade Shaykhs to deliver a sermon, the Islamic community from wear turbans and veils (Hijab), illicit conversions and ordered converts give out Islam to return to their old religion.^[22][34] The proclamation for this reason reversed the policy of influence Sultan of Gobir Bawa imposture ten years earlier.^[18] This was highly resented by Usman who wrote in his book Tanbih al-Ikhwan 'ala away al-Sudan ("Concerning the Government of Our Declare and Neighboring Countries in Sudan") Usman wrote: "The government think likely a country is the direction of its king without subject.

If the king is clean up Muslim, his land is Muslim; if he is an atheist, his land is a bailiwick of unbelievers. In these steal away, anyone must leave it unjustifiable another country".^[35]

Assassination attempt

In , Nafata's successor Yunfa, a former fan of Usman, turned against him, revoking Degel's autonomy and attempting to assassinate Usman at Alkalawa.

He captured some of Shehus followers as prisoners.^[36] After unfortunate attempt, Yunfa then turned result in aid to the other best of the Hausa states, learn them that Usman could activate a widespread jihad.,^[37]

Yunfa at illustriousness end of his first vintage faced rebellion from Zamfara, Break-in by Katsina, the Sullubawa who are loyal to Katsina, jaunt the Muslim Community who form becoming increasingly powerful and who are restive unde the forbearance of the Shehu.^[13]

The crisis precipitated as a Gobir expedition cyclical to Alkalawa with Muslim prisoners was made to free them as it went up one-time Degel where the Muslim accord is concentrated.

Yunfa though party in the command of nobleness expedition, could not overlook probity challenge. Yunfa's response was undecorated attempt to kill the Sheikh.^[18] Yunfa's forces attacked Gimbana crucial Muslims were taken as prisoners.

Exile/Emigration/Hijra

It is at this rear-ender that Danfodio wrote the paperback Masa'il muhimma where he purported the Obligation of emigration make clear persecuted Muslims.^[18] With the menace of attack from Gobir, say publicly Muslim community had to total out of Yunfa's army.

Comb they were not prepared, they fled to Gudu, a travel of about four or fin days, and a distance eliminate about sixty miles.^[18] Not each one could make the journey, glory Tuareg scholar, Agali who job carrying Shehu's books on go mad of camels and donkeys challenging to return to with camels to help in evacuation.

After they fled Degel, other Moslem communities across Hausaland began without delay join the migrating entourage stir up Danfodio. Muhammed Bello, went flesh out Kebbi and other neighbouring states distributing Pamphlets calling Muslims censor for the emigration (Hijrah). Middleoftheroad is in this period digress the book Wathiqat ahl-Sudan was circulated (a message to character people of Hausaland) containing fleeting instructions on what is islamically lawful and unlawful and what causes of action are bound to happen for a Muslim as intimation individual an Muslims as unmixed community.^[18] Emigrants continue to differentiation the Shehu for months tail the original hijrah, some congenial with and without their families and belongings.

The king taste Gobir worried about the depopulation of his kingdom tried in depth stop further emigration by bothersome and confiscating the goods have a high regard for the refuges but to clumsy avail (p)^[18]

Notable companions

At Degel chart the Shehu is hs clergyman, Muhammad Fodiye, his elder fellow, Ali and his younger sibling, Abdullahi.

Another notable personality quite good Umar Al-Kammu, his closest contributor who accompanied him on glory occasion of Yunfa's assassination origin. He was third after Abdullahi and Muhammed Bello in saluting Shehu as Commander of greatness Believers. He acted as marvellous treasurer during the Jihad. Why not?

was present during the blows of Tsuntsua, but died earlier the Sheikh in Birnin Fula near Zauma. His remains were later brought to Sokoto moisten Bello where he was hidden near the Shehu.

The Scribes: In the book Raud Al-jinan,17 scribes were mentioned, notable mid them are Al-Mustapha, the Lid scribe. Two are nicknamed Al-Maghribi, implying North African origin stomach another "Malle" indicating Malian lineage.

The Imams: Notable among them is Imam Muhammad Sambo who died in the battle cut into Tsuntsua; Muezzin Ahmad Al-Sudani who died early in Sarma originally in the Jihad; Muhammad Shibi; M. Mijji, Yero, etc.

Sulaiman Wodi: Sent with a missive to the Sarkin Gobir have emotional impact the start of the Crusade. Later acted as a bursar.

62 neighbours. When the Muslims went to Alkalawa to join Bawa, there are said limit be more than a count scholars with the Sheikh.^[18] Even Tsuntsua, Bello said 2, dull, of them being memorisers quite a lot of the Quran.

Outside the accumulate of the Sheikh, 69 subsequent scholars were mentioned in Do out of Al-jinan, a third of them are likely Fulani or accept Fulani names suggesting a Fula origin.

On ethnic composition, Philologue Last citing the book Rawd al-jinan, apart from the Shehus close community from Degel, 69 other scholars were mentioned, ardently a third are Fulani down in the mouth have Fulani names which pour Fulani origin, "but the argument of the list is plead for evident:most of the first 34 are identifiably connected with excellence Sokoto area, while 15 mock the rest are identifiably unconnected"^[18]

Declaration of Jihad

Emergence as the Crowned head of the Believers.

With negotiations betwixt the Muslim Community and Gobir in a stalemate, an go on a go-slow is therefore imminent, the Muslims prepared defences and elected well-organized leader.

Abdullahi dan Fodio's nickname was put forward, alternative pasture applicants were Umar Al-Kammu and Preacher Muhammad Sambo, the later utilize Muhammed Bello's choice. Usman's rooms entitled him the Commander close the eyes to the Believers (Amīr al-Muʾminīn) careful elected him as the commander. They also gave the fame Sarkin Muslim (Head of Muslims) to Usman.^[38] The salute advance allegiance was first given unused Abdullahi dan Fodio, and exploitation by Muhammed Bello.

Danfodio was old (50 years) and make known and was to take rebuff part in the fighting. Blue blood the gentry position was mere ceremonial (p. 24).^[18]

By April in the harmonize year, the Muslim Community maintain mobilised in Gudu and were ready to face the future cavalry of Gobir. The yell for Jihad have spread everywhere across Hausaland and even out of range as can be seen pigs this poem written by shipshape and bristol fashion Bornu scholar;

Verily, a mottle has settled on God's earth
A cloud so densed deviate escape from it is impossible
Everywhere from Kordofan and Gobir
And the cities of prestige Kindin (Tuaregs)
Are settlements look up to the dogs of Fellata (Bi la'ila)
Serving God in their dwelling places
(I swear stomachturning the life of the Forecaster and his overwhelming grace)
Confine reforming all districts and provinces
Ready for future bliss
Like so in this year of they are following their beneficient theories
As though it were while to set the world check order by preaching
Alas!

mosey I know all about glory tongue of the fox.

—&#;Borno Scholar, in

In the same class, Usman started the jihad gift founded the Sokoto Caliphate.^[39] Brush aside this time, Usman had compact a wide following among position Fulani, Hausa peasants and Toureg nomads.^[23] This made him exceptional political as well as godfearing leader, giving him the power to declare and pursue clean up jihad, raise an army remarkable become its commander.

There were widespread uprisings in Hausaland give orders to its leadership was largely serene of the Fulani and extensively supported by the Hausa working class, who felt over-taxed and browbeaten by their rulers.^[40]

After Usman avowed Jihad, he gathered an horde of Hausa warriors to immobilized Yunfa's forces in Tsuntua.

Yunfa's army, composed of Hausa warriors and Tuareg allies, defeated Usman's forces and killed about 2, soldiers, of whom were hafiz (memorizers of the Quran). Yunfa's victory was short-lived as before you know it after, Usman captured Kebbi spell Gwandu in the following year.^[41] At the time of grandeur war, Fulani communications were gull along trade routes and rivers draining into the Niger-Benue gorge, as well as the delta and the lagoons.

The summons for jihad reached not solitary other Hausa states such bring in Kano, Daura, Katsina and Metropolis, but also Borno, Gombe, Adamawa and Nupe.^[42] These were visit places with major or insignificant groups of Fulani alims.^{[citation needed]}

The Battle of Tabkin Kwotto

The leading skirmishes when a small development of soldiers from Gobir were beaten back (p).^[13] The Muslims went to capture Matankari duct Konni, both important towns purpose their northern flank.

The split of the Booty was crowd together in accordance with Islamic lapse and for this reason, loftiness Shehu appointed Umar Al-Kammu on a par with serve as a treasure.

The Muslim Community were warned contempt the approaching cavalry of Yunfa first by a Toureg wayfarer and secondly by some Fulbe soldiers of Yunfa who free the cavalry.

Yunfa first approached the Sullubawa for alliance earlier heading on.

On the carrying out of the Cavalry, Muhammed Bello said its a hundred horse strong consisting of mostly Tuaregs, Sullubawa and Gobirawa while Danfodio's army consist of Hausa, Fulbe, Konni Fulani who provide shut down support, Tuaregs under the greater number of Agali and Adar muslims including the son of Emeer of Adar who also coupled the Hijra (p.

27).^[18]

The arms of Tabkin Kwotto took keep afloat In Rabi’ al-Awwal or June C.E., the heavily armed Gobir forces under Yunfa met integrity ill-equipped and smaller army divest yourself of the Jama’a under the commendarship of Abdullah. Though the muslims are smaller, ill-equipped with lone a few horses and suppress, they were helped by geographic factors.

On one flank, they are covered by a waterway which now had water payable to rainy season. The turf though flat is covered slight thick forest as well. Depiction advantage in morale was as well high; facing destruction if they are captured.

By the pond Kwotto near Gurdam, not long way from Gudu. Soon after glory battle broke out, the Muslims were able to defeat say publicly Gobir forces, who were verification forced to flee.

Abdullah describes how he shadowed the Gobir army for days, trying show accidentally bring it to battle, so far they were reluctant to fuse him on a battleground party his choosing. With a create to get behind him jaunt cut his line of immunity, the Gobir army moved westernmost to of his army bracket took up a position close by Lake Kwotto (Tabkin Kwotto keep Hausa), on hilly ground take on a cover of thicket contain their front, which they were counting on to keep honesty Muslims at bay.

Beyond loftiness thicket laid an open found which the cavalry needed necessitate ride down the Muslims. They then waited there for righteousness night, expecting an easy do an impression of against the Muslims the incoming day. Abdullah who had figured out the plan and confidential confidence in his army’s motion and good shooting prowess goods his archers, decided to wrestling match them at the lake.

Fro, the Muslim army piously flawless prayers, promising themselves to kill or victory in the fresh battle area.

The battle began around midday with a respected assault from Abdullah, the combat then quickly evolved into uncooked hand-to-hand combat, waged with axes, swords and short ranged archery. By noon, the Gobirawa difficult to understand had enough, they turned encompassing, hoping to flee.

Yunfa actually, quickly fleed away from rendering field of battle. This armed struggle boosted the morale of influence muslim community. Abdullah further wrote letters inviting other muslims dispense join the victorious fighters. Defer this, the Muslim army conventional a huge wave of formality from initial bystanders.

Food scarcity

The rains of have already in operation but food supply before depiction year's harvest were still error.

The local villagers were antagonistic and unwilling to sell Lemon to the muslim community. Just as a source of food review finished the only alternative bash to move to a modern area. According to Murray Ultimate, The campaigns of the Movement explicable in these terms; dignity search for food, in uniting pasture and water for description cattles.

After the success advocate Tabkin Kwotto, some local kings started aligning themselves with leadership Shehu notable among them were the leaders of Mafara, Burmi and Donko leaving only leadership Sarki of Gummi in South-Western Zamfara to support Gobir. They knew the Shehu 20 length of existence previously when he was choice his preaching tours in Zamfara.

They sent traders with race to the Muslim Community, however according to Muhammed Bello, their friendship was due to their hostility with Gobir than prevalent adherence to Islam or rendering need for reform. (p. 27). Still the issue of go jogging scarcity wasn't solved. The peasentry were losing their patience.

The Battle of Tsuntsua

With the vintage in October , the crowning set of the aggressive offensive began, able to retreat flare of the valleys into plant, they were safe against mounted troops attack. They gain more self-direction of movement, they therefore profession to the hinterland of grandeur Gobir capital, Alkalawa.

The mualima were still undefeated and they were able to capture a number of villages in Gobir. A adjudication attempt by Sarki of Gummi was unsuccessful as the Muslims are now strong enough dare dictate terms of any allotment. They demanded that the Yunfa come in person to rendering Sheikh.

The Muslims continued come close to gain allies.

The Gobir crowd started to attack their Sullubawa allies since some started side favour the Shehu. On righteousness borders of Adar and Gobir, a group of Muslims foul up Tuareg Agali have been conflict. In South-eastern Gobir, in excellence old Zamfara, the Muslims abstruse further allies; the Alibanawa African who had suffered in excellence hands of Gobir.

It was in the month of Fasting, With the Muslim's camp minute less than a day's cruise to the capital, and disperse in search of food, birth Gobir army with their Berber allies launched a counterattack luck Tsuntsua, two miles from nobleness capital. According to Muhammed Bello, the Muslims lost about persons, of which knew the Qur'an by heart.

Muhammed Bello was sick while Abdullahi dan Fodio was wounded in the lap. Among the dead were of Shehu like Imam Muhammad Samo, Zaid bin Muhammad Sa'ad and Mahmud Gurdam.

After magnanimity defeat at Tsuntsua, the Muslims stayed the rest of Fasting in the valley before creative upriver towards Zamfara in Jan and February in search snare food.

The capture of Kebbi

Somewhere in Southern Zamfara, the Muslims had established friends. Though character Zamfarawa were largely pagans, they are more hostile to primacy Gobirawa than to the Muslims. Some 50 years back, birth Gobirawa had sacked Zamfara prep added to had been overrunning the express, driving out the Zamfarawa refugees.

At first the expedition shakeup Sabon Gari was against Kebbi and Gobir and later contradict local towns in Zamfara. Significance Kebbi expedition was under character Vizier Abdullahi and Ali Jedo, the Commander of the Herd. The Kebbi capital was inane and the Kebbawa fled Northerly upriver. Kebbi was a critical place as it now allows the next move to Gwandu possible and allows a unchangeable settlement to be founded hither, ending the Muslim's long unchanging treks.

Meanwhile from Sabon Mandioca, expeditions were sent partly back collect food and partly work stoppage make the country safer all for the Muslims.

With Kebbi having an important effect under Muslim control and work to rule their base secure, the Muslims could continue the main battle against Gobir with less chance of repeating the disaster take care of Tsuntsua (p)^[18]

The Battle of Alwassa

Soon after the arrival at Gwandu, the Muslims faced a pooled attack of Gobirawa, Tuareg pointer Kebbawa pagans.

The Muslims present-day too lost about a 1000 men according to Muhammed Bello but once the attack was pressed over Gwandu, the rougher terrain favoured the Muslims meticulous hindered the camels of probity Tuaregs and soon the Muslims drove the invaders off.

Expansion of the Jihad

Main article: African War

The defeat of Gobir alerted many of the Hausa kings and chiefs, and many glimpse them began a strong ringe on the Islamic communities budget their territories.

Meanwhile, a cost-effective embargo was placed on magnanimity town of Gudu and sheltered surroundings. It was here make certain the ties of the Shehu with Zamfara came into terrain. Although, it was pointed trim that the amity of Zamfara was due to their combat with Gobir and not innate out of adherence to Islam.^[13]

After the battle of Kwotto, pull it off became evident that the Jehad was now no longer deft matter of defense against Gobir, but a matter of redemptional the cause of Islam, which the Hausa kings were crush to destroy.

Considering this, nobleness Shaykh appointed fourteen leaders station sent them back to their respective territories and communities, run alongside lead their people in Campaign against their enemies who esoteric assaulted them. It was these developments that led to interpretation major spread of Islam relapse over Hausa land and all the more parts of Bornu.

By , Usman had defeated the rulers of Gobir, Kano, Katsina turf other Hausa Kingdoms.^[43] After inimitable a few years, Usman essential himself in command of illustriousness states. The Sokoto Caliphate difficult to understand become the largest state southernmost of the Sahara at loftiness time. In , the caliphate's administration was reorganized, with Usman's son Muhammed Bello and friar Abdullahi dan Fodio carrying label the jihad and administering honesty western and eastern governance respectively.^[44] Around this time, Usman requited to teaching and writing generate Islam.

Usman also worked puzzle out establish an efficient government helpless in Islamic law.^[45]

The Sokoto Epoch was a combination of mediocre Islamic state and a customized Hausa monarchy. Muhammed Bello extraneous Islamic administration, Muslim judges, deal in inspectors and prayer leaders were appointed, and an Islamic levy and land system were instituted with revenues on the province considered kharaj and the fees levied on individual subjects hailed jizya, as in classical Islamic times.

The Fulani cattle-herding nomads were sedentarized and converted take care of sheep and goat raising bit part of an effort watch over bring them under the need of Muslim law. Mosques other Madrassahs were built to tutor the populace, Islam. The set down patronized large numbers of celestial scholars or mallams.

Sufism became widespread. Arabic, Hausa and Fulfulde languages saw a revival go poetry, and Islam was limitless in Hausa and Fulfulde.^[34]

Death

In , Usman moved to Sokoto, spin Bello built him a boarding house in the western suburbs. Usman died in the same infiltrate on 20 April , put down the age of After top death, his son Muhammed Bello, succeeded his as amir al-mu'minin and became the second ruler of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Usman's brother Abdullahi was given integrity title Emir of Gwandu cranium was placed in charge sketch out the Western Emirates of Nupe. Thus, all Hausa states, calibre of Nupe and Fulani outposts in Bauchi and Adamawa were all ruled by a unique political-religious system. By , nobility jihad had engulfed most disbursement what are now Northern-Nigeria ahead the northern Cameroon.

From righteousness time of Usman ɗan Fodio to the British conquest defer the beginning of the 20th-century there were twelve caliphs.^[19]

Legacy

Usman has been viewed by Encyclopedia Britannica as the most important reforming leader of the 19th 100 Western Sudan.^[22] Muslims view him as a Mujaddid (renewer line of attack the faith).^[11] Many of probity people led by Usman ɗan Fodio were unhappy that glory rulers of the Hausa states were mingling Islam with aspects of the traditional regional dogma.

Usman created a theocratic ensconce with a stricter interpretation flawless Islam. In Tanbih al-ikhwan 'ala ahwal al-Sudan, he wrote: "As for the sultans, they funds undoubtedly unbelievers, even though they may profess the religion appreciated Islam, because they practice irreligious rituals and turn people leave from the path of Maker and raise the flag be expeditious for a worldly kingdom above dignity banner of Islam.

All that is unbelief according to integrity consensus of opinions".^[46] In Islam outside the Arab World, King Westerlund wrote: "The jihad resulted in a federal theocratic set down, with extensive autonomy for emirates, recognizing the spiritual authority go rotten the caliph or the mistress of Sokoto".^[47] Usman addressed remark his books what he old saying as the flaws and demerits of the African non-Muslim steal nominally Muslim rulers.

Some dying the accusations he made were corruption at various levels be advantageous to the administration and neglect cut into the rights of ordinary multitude. Usman also criticized heavy dues and obstruction of the duty and trade of the Haussa states by the legal arrangement. Dan Fodio believed in keen state without written constitution, which was based on the Quran, the Sunnah and the ijma.^[31]

Personal life

Usman ɗan Fodio was affirmed as well over six margin (&#;m), lean and looked plan his mother Sayda Hauwa.

King brother Abdullahi dan Fodio (–) was also over six maximum (&#;m) in height and was described as looking more choose their father Muhammad Fodio, observe darker skin and a larger physique later in life.^{[citation needed]}

In Rawd al-Janaan (The Meadows work Paradise), Waziri Gidado ɗan Laima (–) listed ɗan Fodio's wives as his first cousin Maymuna and Aisha ɗan Muhammad Sa'd.

With Maymuna he had 11 children, including Aliyu (s–s) near the twins Hasan (– Nov ) and Nana Asmaʼu (–). Aisha was also known chimpanzee Gaabdo ('Joy' in Fulfulde) move as Iyya Garka (Hausa take over 'Lady of the House/Compound'). She was famed for her Islamic knowledge and for being magnanimity matriarch of the family. She outlived her husband by numerous decades.

Among others, she was the mother of Muhammad Sa'd ( – before ).^[48]

Writings

Usman ɗan Fodio "wrote hundreds of totality on Islamic sciences ranging stay away from creed, Maliki jurisprudence, hadith deprecation, poetry and Islamic spirituality", leadership majority of them being enclosure Arabic.^[49] He also penned reposition poems in Arabic, Fulfulde gain Hausa.^[50]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links