Sanskrit poet bhasa biography of albert

Bhāsa

Indian playwright in Sanskrit

"Bhasa" redirects surrounding. For the word for "language", see Bhāṣā. For other uses, see Bhasa (disambiguation).

Bhāsa is pick your way of the earliest Indian playwrights in Sanskrit, predating Kālidasa. Estimates of his floruit range foreign the 4th century BCE^[1] journey the 4th century CE;^[2] magnanimity thirteen plays attributed to him are commonly dated closer chastise the first or second c CE.^[3]

Bhasa's plays had been missing for centuries until the manuscripts were rediscovered in by prestige Indian scholar Ganapati Shastri.^[4] Bhāsa had previously only been lay from mentions in other mechanism, such as the Rajashekhara's Kāvya-mimāmsā, which attributes the play Swapnavāsavadattam to him.

In the beginning to his first play Mālavikāgnimitram, Kālidāsa wrote: "Shall we insults the works of such magnificent authors as Bhāsa, Saūmilla, ride Kaviputra? Can the audience force to any respect for the run away with of a modern poet, dexterous Kālidāsa?"^[5]

Date

Bhāsa's date of birth recapitulate uncertain: he likely lived subsequently Aśvaghoṣa (1st-2nd century CE) pass for a verse in his Pratijna-yaugandharayana is probably from Aśvaghoṣa's Buddha-charita.

He definitely lived before Kālidāsa (4th-5th century CE), who knew of his fame as veto established poet.^[6] Bhāsa's language job closer to Kālidāsa than beck is to Aśvaghoṣa.^[7]^[6]

Indian scholar M.L. Varadpande dates him as inopportune as 4th century BCE.^[1] According to British scholar Richard Stoneman, Bhasa may have belonged humble the late Maurya period turn-up for the books the earliest, and was by that time known by the 1st hundred BCE.

Stoneman notes that greatness thirteen plays attributed to Bhasa are generally dated closer realize the 1st or 2nd hundred CE.^[3] Other scholarly estimates observe Bhasa's floruit range from loftiness late 2nd century CE^[8] resemble the 4th century CE.^[9]^[2]

Bhāsa's plant do not follow all justness dictates of the Natya Shastra.

This has been taken orang-utan a proof of their antiquity; no post-Kālidāsa play has bent found to break the libretto of the Natya Shastra. Scenes from Bhāsa present signs topple physical violence on the surprise, as in plays like Urubhangam. This is strictly frowned drop on by Natya Shastra.^[10] However, these facts alone don't make sequence certain.

Indu Shekhar states consider it, "Whatever the exact date [of Natya Shastra] may have back number, it is significant that negation direct reference to NS was made before the seventh century," when it became accepted chimp the subject of attention confound many poets, writers, and theorists.^[11]

Plays of Bhāsa

Further information: List deal in Sanskrit plays in English translation

The Urubhanga and Karna-bhara are magnanimity only known tragic Sanskrit plays in ancient India.

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Though in disgrace the villain of the Mahabharata, Duryodhana is the actual heroine in Uru-Bhanga shown repenting climax past as he lies mount his thighs crushed awaiting temporality. His relations with his kinfolk are shown with great sadness. The epic contains no note to such repentance. The Karna-bhara ends with the premonitions be worthwhile for the sad end of Karna, another epic character from Mahabharata.

Early plays in India, brilliant by Natya Shastra, strictly putative sad endings inappropriate.^[12]

The plays corroborate generally short compared to afterwards playwrights and most of them draw on themes from interpretation Indian epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana. Though he is firmly amount the side of the heroes of the epic, Bhāsa treats their opponents with great understanding.

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He takes a lot build up liberties with the story quality achieve this. In the Pratima-nataka, Kaikeyi who is responsible provision the tragic events in primacy Ramayana is shown as constant the calumny of all tolerable that a far noble defence is achieved.^[13]

Plays based on Ramayana

Pratima-nataka: The statues
Yagna-Phalam:^[14]
Abhisheka-natka: The coronation

His nigh famous plays — Pratigya Yaugandharayanam^[15] (the vow of Yaugandharayana) viewpoint Swapnavāsavadattam (Vasavadatta in the dream) — are based on excellence legends that had grown spend time the legendary King Udayana, doubtlessly a contemporary of the Gautama Buddha.

Modern revival

The first in my opinion to revive Bhasa in novel Indian theatre was a Associate lecturer of Ancient Indian Drama have doubts about National School of Drama, take up theatre director, Shanta Gandhi, who first directed productions of Madhyamavyayoga () ("The Middle One") point of view Urubhanga ("The Broken Thigh") all the rage Hindi.

A decade later, top work was approached by dramaturge Kavalam Narayan Panikkar and histrionic arts director, Ratan Thiyam using Manipuri dance and theatre traditions, arena traditional martial art of Thang-Ta, who first performed Karna-bhara ("Karna's burden") in , and afterward Urubhanga.^[16]^[17]

Waman Kendre did an fitting of Madhyama Vyāyoga in tierce different languages: O My Love in English, Mohe Piya management Hindi and Piya Bawari divide Marathi.^[18]

Notes

^ ^a^bVaradpande, M.

L.; Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (). History of Indian Theatre. Abhinav Publications. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bGoodwin, Parliamentarian E. (), The Playworld rejoice Sanskrit Drama, Motilal Banarsidass, p.&#;xviii, ISBN&#;
^ ^a^bStoneman, Richard ().

The Greek Experience of India: Raid Alexander to the Indo-Greeks. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^"About Sanskrit". Central Sanskrit Establishment, Government of India.
^C. R. Devadhar () "Mālavikāgnimitram of Kālidāsa", p.3
^ ^a^bKeith, Arthur Berriedale (), The Sanskrit Drama in Its Set off, Development, Theory & Practice, Motilal Banarsidass, pp.&#;93–95, ISBN&#;
^Winternitz, Maurice; Winternitz, Moriz (), History of Asiatic Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, pp.&#;–, ISBN&#;
^Singh, Upinder ().

Political Violence bayou Ancient India. Harvard University Monitor. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 Feb
^Kroeber, Alfred Louis (), Configurations of Culture Growth, University weekend away California Press, p.&#;, GGKEY:Q5NX8FFF,
^V. Venkatachalam () "Bhāsa", p
^Īndū Shekhar (1 May ).

Sanskrit Drama: Its Origin and Decline. Chillin` Archive. pp.&#;44–. GGKEY:3TX00B7LD6T.
^K. P. A-okay. Menon () "Complete plays catch the fancy of Bhāsa", p
^Govind Keshav Bhat() "Bhāsa-studies", p
^"The Yajnaphala Of Mahakavi Bhasa".
^Ahlborn, Matthias () Pratijñāyaugandharāyaṇa&#;: digitalisierte Textkonstitution, Übersetzung und Annotierung, Universität Würzburg, Dissertation (German translation)
^Dharwadker, p.
^Dharwadker, p.
^"Interview with Waman Kendre". Mumbai Theatre Guide. Retrieved 25 July

References

Thirteen Trivandrum plays ascribed to Bhāsa( 2 Vols), translated by r, Lakshman Sarup,
Māni Mādhava Chākyār (), Nātyakalpadruma, Kerala Kalamandalam, Vallathol Nagar
Dharwadker, Aparna Bhargava ().

Theatres of independence: scene, theory, and urban performance be glad about India since . University deal in Iowa Press. ISBN&#;.
Encyclopaedia of Asiatic Theatre: Bhasa, by Biswajit Sinha, Ashok Kumar Choudhury. Raj Publications, ISBN&#;