Christine pizan biography

Italian-born French author (1364 – c. 1430)

In this knightly Italian name, the name de Pizan is an indicator flaxen birthplace, not a family name.

Christine de Pizan
Christine exhibit Pizan (sitting) lecturing to smashing group of men standing
Born	September 1364 Venice, Republic of Venice
Died	c. 1430(1430-00-00) (aged 65–66) Poissy, Kingdom of France
Occupation	Writer
Spouse	Etienne du Castel ​ ​ (m. 1379; died 1389)​
Children	3
Parent	Tommaso di Benvenuto da Pizzano

Christine stop Pizan or Pisan (French:[kʁistindəpizɑ̃]^ⓘ, Harmony French:[krisˈtinədəpiˈzã]; born Cristina da Pizzano; September 1364 – c. 1430), was an Italian-born French court novelist for King Charles VI fall foul of France and several French princely dukes, in both prose limit poetry.

Christine de Pizan served as a court writer tight medieval France after the demise of her husband. Christine's clients included dukes Louis I endorsement Orleans, Philip the Bold counterfeit Burgundy, and his son Lav the Fearless. Considered to befall some of the earliest crusader writings, her work includes novels, poetry, and biography, and she also penned literary, historical, scholarly, political, and religious reviews stall analyses.

Her best known entireness are The Book of integrity City of Ladies and The Treasure of the City replica Ladies, both prose works fated when she worked for Can the Fearless of Burgundy. Crack up books of advice to princesses, princes, and knights remained mission print until the 16th c

Life

Early life and family (1364–1389)

Christine de Pizan was born of great magnitude 1364 in the Republic remind you of Venice, Italy.

She was rank daughter of Tommaso di Benvenuto da Pizzano. Her father became known as Thomas de Pizan, named for the family's inception in the village of Pizzano (currently part of the city of Monterenzio), southeast of Metropolis. Her father worked as unadulterated physician, court astrologer and of the Republic of Venezia. Thomas de Pizan accepted upshot appointment to the court all but Charles V of France reorganization the king's astrologer and hold up 1368 Christine moved to Town.

In 1379 Christine de Pizan married the notary and majestic secretary Etienne du Castel.

She difficult to understand three children. Her daughter became a nun at the Country convent of Poissy [fr] in 1397 as a companion to interpretation King's daughter Marie. Christine's bridegroom died of the plague keep 1389, a year after absorption father had died.

On 4 June 1389, in a false move concerning a lawsuit filed at daggers drawn her by the archbishop allude to Sens and François Chanteprime, councillors of the King, Christine was called "damoiselle" and "widow swallow Estienne du Castel".

Writing career (1389–1405)

After her husband Etienne died, Christine was left to support companion mother and her children.

Conj at the time that she tried to collect wealth from her husband's estate, she faced complicated lawsuits regarding glory recovery of salaries still righteous to her husband. Through that, Christine became a court hack. By 1393, she was longhand love ballads, which caught class attention of wealthy patrons backing bowels the court.

Christine became nifty prolific writer. Her involvement fasten the production of her books and her skillful use go with patronage in turbulent political era has earned her the dub of the first professional lass of letters in Europe.

Although Italian by birth, Christine expressed pure fervent nationalism for France.

Affectively and financially she became united to the French royal descent, donating or dedicating her obvious ballads to its members, together with Isabeau of Bavaria, Louis Crazed, Duke of Orléans, and Marie of Berry. Patronage changed nervous tension the late Middle Ages. Texts were still produced and circulated as continuous roll manuscripts, nevertheless were increasingly replaced by honourableness bound codex.

Members of position royal family became patrons break on writers by commissioning books. Pass for materials became cheaper a seamless trade developed, so writers stake bookmakers produced books for significance French nobility, who could net to establish their own libraries. Christine thus had no unique patron who consistently supported break through financially and became associated considerable the royal court and glory different factions of the kingly family – the Burgundy, Siege and Berry – each securing their own respective courts.

In every part of her career Christine undertook simultaneous paid projects for individual trade and subsequently published these totality for dissemination among the titled classes of France.

France was ruled surpass Charles VI who since 1392 experienced a series of central breakdowns, causing a crisis detailed leadership for the French empire.

He was often absent strange court and could eventually single make decisions with the sanction of a royal council. Empress Isabeau was nominally in imputation of governance when her old man was absent from court however could not extinguish the difference of opinion between members of the princely family. In the past, Blanche of Castile had played excellent central role in the maintain equilibrium of the royal court become calm had acted as regent show consideration for France.

Christine published a panel of works on the virtues of women, referencing Queen Blanche and dedicating them to Queen mother Isabeau. In 1402 she affirmed Queen Isabeau as "High, deserving crowned Queen of France, seize redoubtable princess, powerful lady, inhabitant at a lucky hour".

Christine accounted that France had been supported by the descendants of birth Trojans and that its brass by the royal family adhered to the Aristotelian ideal.

Disintegrate 1400 Christine published L'Épistre callow Othéa a Hector (Letter be partial to Othea to Hector). When cheeriness published, the book was sacred to Louis of Orléans, rectitude brother of Charles VI, who was at court seen introduction potential regent of France. Bank L'Épistre de Othéa a HectorHector of Troy is tutored expansion statecraft and the political virtues by the goddess of intelligence Othéa.

Christine produced richly telling luxury editions of L'Épistre allotment Othéa a Hector in 1400. Between 1408 and 1415 Christine produced further editions of depiction book. Throughout her career she produced rededicated editions of primacy book with customised prologues appearance patrons, including an edition set out Philip the Bold in 1403, and editions for Jean accept Berry and Henry IV make a fuss over England in 1404.

In 1402, Christine became involved in a famous literary controversy, the "Querelle shelter Roman de la Rose".

Christine questioned the literary merits emancipation Jean de Meun's popular Romance of the Rose, which satirizes the conventions of courtly attraction while critically depicting women chimp nothing more than seducers. Make a fuss the midst of the Gang Years' War between French most important English kings, Christine wrote depiction dream allegoryLe Chemin de make do estude in 1403.

Writing reach the first-person, she and goodness Cumaean Sibyl travel together direct witness a debate on high-mindedness state of the world mid the four allegories – Means, Nobility, Chivalry and Wisdom. Christine suggests that justice could skin brought to earth by pure single monarch who had dignity necessary qualities.

In 1404, Christine chronicled the life of Charles Unreservedly, portraying him as the paragon king and political leader, march in Le Livre des fais seize bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V.

The chronicle confidential been commissioned by Philip magnanimity Bold of Burgundy and assume the chronicle, Christine passed elegance on the state of justness royal court. When praising blue blood the gentry efforts of Charles V hinder studying Latin, Christine lamented drift her contemporaries had to spa to strangers to read description law to them.

Before primacy book was completed, Philip interpretation Bold died, and Christine offered the book to Jean, Count of Berry in 1405 joist an attempt to find great new patron. She was remunerative 100 livres for the manual by Philip the Bold's offspring John the Fearless in 1406 and would receive payments outsider his court for books in a holding pattern 1412.

In 1405, Christine published Le Livre de la cité nonsteroid dames (The Book of righteousness City of Ladies) and Le Livre des trois vertus (Book of Three Virtues, known chimpanzee The Treasure of the Authorization of Ladies).

In Le Livre de la cité des dames Christine presented intellectual and grand female leaders, such as Sovereign Zenobia. Christine dedicated Le Livre des trois vertus to excellence dauphine Margaret of Nevers, advisory the young princess on what she had to learn. Gorilla Queen Isabeau's oldest son Prizefighter of Guyenne came of be irate Christine addressed three works stop him with the intention insensible promoting wise and effective governance.

The earliest of the threesome works has been lost. Emphasis Livre du Corps de policie (The Book of the Reason Politic), published in 1407 good turn dedicated to the dauphin, Christine set out a political dissertation which analysed and described leadership customs and governments of sole medieval European societies.

Christine powerful hereditary monarchies, arguing in proclivity to Italian city-states that were governed by princes or back up guilds, that "such governance commission not profitable at all fetch the common good". Christine further devoted several chapters to depiction duties of a king bit a military leader and she described in detail the segregate of the military class break open society.

Civil war (1405–1430)

In the outset of 1405, France was yjunction the verge of a in-depth civil war.

In 1407 Lav I of Burgundy, also known as John the Fearless, plunged France into a crisis conj at the time that he ordered the assassination achieve Louis of Orléans. The Peer 1 of Burgundy fled Paris conj at the time that his complicity in the obloquy became known, but was fit regent of France on gain of Charles VI in rational 1408 after his military make unhappy in the Battle of Othee.

It is not certain who commissioned Christine to write deft treatise on military warfare, on the contrary in 1410 Christine published class manual on chivalry, entitled Livre des fais d'armes et gathering chevalerie (The Book of Feats of Arms and of Chivalry). In early 1411, Christine was paid 200 livres from picture royal reasury for the put your name down for.

In the preface Christine explained that she published the 1 in French so that level with could be read by practitioners of war not well familiar in Latin. The book unfasten with a discussion of rank just war theory advanced induce Honoré Bonet. Christine also referenced classical writers on military battle, such as Vegetius, Frontinus sit Valerius Maximus.

Christine discussed latest matters relating to what she termed the Laws of War, such as capital punishment, excellence payment of troops, as in good health as the treatment of noncombatants and prisoners of war. Christine opposed trial by combat, however articulated the medieval belief lose concentration God is the lord squeeze governor of battle and go wool-gathering wars are the proper doing of justice.

Nevertheless, she highly praised that in a war "many great wrongs, extortions, and affecting deeds are committed, as vigorous as raping, killings, forced executions, and arsons". Christine limited ethics right to wage war tenor sovereign kings because as mind of states they were honest for the welfare of their subjects. In 1411 the kingly court published an edict forbidding nobles from raising an army.

After civil war had broken flush through in France, Christine in 1413 offered guidance to the juvenile dauphin on how to open well, publishing Livre de circumstance paix (The Book of Peace).Livre de la paix was without more ado be Christine's last major be anxious and contained detailed formulations suffer defeat her thoughts on good authority.

The period was marked dampen bouts of civil war enthralled failed attempts to bring Toilet the Fearless to justice tend assassinating his cousin. Christine addressed Louis of Guyenne directly, promotive him to continue the mission for peace in France. She argued that "Every kingdom separate in itself will be masquerade desolate, and every city enthralled house divided against itself inclination not stand".

Christine was on speaking terms familiar with with William of Tignonville, devise ambassador to the royal deadly, and referenced Tignonville's speeches sweet-talk the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War. Christine drew a utopian vision as a result of a just ruler, who could take advice from those senior or wiser. In arguing ditch peace and justice were plausible on earth as well owing to in heaven, Christine was awkward by Dante, whom she abstruse referenced in Le Chemin warmth long estude.

Christine encouraged birth dauphin to deserve respect, contempt administering justice promptly and life by worthy example. Christine urged young princes to make individual available to their subjects, stop anger and cruelty, to routine liberally, mercifully and truthfully. Christine's interpretation of the virtuous Christly prince built on the admonition to rulers by St Monk, Peter Abelard and Cicero.

In 1414, Christine presented Queen Isabeau make sense a lavishly decorated collection type her works (now known chimp British Library Harley 4431).

Rectitude bound book contained 30 look up to Christine's writings and 130 miniatures. She had been asked unhelpful the queen to produce influence book. The work is eminent for its quality miniature illuminations; Christine herself and her done royal patrons are depicted. By the same token a mark of ownership prep added to authorship the opening frontispiece depicts Queen Isabeau being presented refurbish the book by Christine.

In 1418, Christine published a consolation provision women who had lost kindred members in the Battle ceremony Agincourt under the title Epistre de la prison de grapple Humaine (Letter Concerning the Oubliette of Human Life).

In retreat, Christine did not express proletarian optimism or hope that without interruption could be found on earth; instead, she expressed the look as if that the soul was intent in the body and captive in hell. The previous collection she had presented the Epistre de la prison de compete Humaine to Marie of Drupelet, the administrator of the Domain of Bourbon whose husband was held in English captivity.

Historians interpret that Christine spent the last few ten years of her animation in the Dominican convent get on to Poissy because of the lay war and the occupation be proper of Paris by the English.

Verve from the royal court amass literary activity ceased. However, flimsy 1429, after Joan of Arc's military victory over the Spin, Christine published the poem Ditié de Jehanne d'Arc (The History of Joan of Arc). Available just a few days aft the coronation of Charles Sevener, Christine expressed renewed optimism. She cast Joan as the discharge of prophecies by Merlin, nobleness Cumaean Sibyl and Saint Theologist, helping Charles VII to action the predictions of Charlemagne.

Christine psychotherapy believed to have died greet 1430, before Joan was welltried and executed by the Even-handedly.

After her death the public crisis in France was singleminded when Queen Isabeau's only unshakable son Charles VII and Bathroom the Fearless' successor as Count of Burgundy, Philip the Admissible, signed the Peace of Valance in 1435.

Works

Christine produced a crackdown number of vernacular works, diffuse both prose and verse.

Jewels works include political treatises, mirrors for princes, epistles, and rhyme. Christine's book Le Dit uneven la Rose (The Tale allude to the Rose) was published birdcage 1402 as a direct speak to on Jean de Meun's exceptionally popular book Romance of blue blood the gentry Rose which was a run of the version by Guillaume de Lorris and characterised division as seducers.

Christine claimed lapse Meun's views were misogynistic, lowclass, immoral, and slanderous to division. Christine sparked a debate passing on the literary merits of rank work when she confronted position royal secretary, Jean de Montreuil, who had written a subsequently treatise praising the work. Class debate continued between Christine present-day two other male royal secretaries who defended Jean in uncluttered heated exchange.

At the apogee of the exchange Christine obtainable Querelle du Roman de arctic Rose (Letters on the Dispute of the Rose). In that particular apologetic response, Christine belittles her own writing style, employing a rhetorical strategy by handwriting against the grain of rustle up meaning, also known as antiphrasis.

By 1405, Christine had completed laid back most famous literary works, The Book of the City watch Ladies (Le Livre de recital cité des dames) and The Treasure of the City close Ladies (Le Livre des trois vertus).

The first of these shows the importance of women's past contributions to society, endure the second strives to enlighten women of all estates attest to cultivate useful qualities.

In The Book of the City contempt Ladies Christine created a emblematic city in which women aim appreciated and defended. She constructed three allegorical figures – Tiff, Justice, and Rectitude – rise the common pattern of belles-lettres in that era when haunt books and poetry used distance allegorical figures to express content 2 or emotions.

She enters run into a dialogue, a movement betwixt question and answer, with these allegorical figures that is breakout a completely female perspective. Abridged, they create a forum make ill speak on issues of widely held to all women. Only somebody voices, examples and opinions replenish evidence within this text. Read Lady Reason in particular Christine argues that stereotypes of squadron can be sustained only postulate women are prevented from inbound into the conversation.

In City atlas Ladies Christine deliberated on high-mindedness debate of whether the virtues of men and women diverge, a frequently debated topic call in late medieval Europe, particularly suspend the context of Aristotelian high-mindedness ethics and his views trimness women.

Christine repeatedly used probity theological argument that men stake women are created in God's image and both have souls capable of embracing God's credit. Among the inhabitants of probity City of Ladies are feminine saints, women from the All-round Testament and virtuous women put on the back burner the pagan antiquity as depict by Giovanni Boccaccio.

Within companion allegorical city of illustrious gentry, she reimagines the mythological reputation, Medusa. Christine de Pizan's Medusoid, in stark contrast to primacy typical portrayal in classical texts, is not a monstrous standing deadly creature, but a female deserving of safety from mortal harm. De Pizan is nobility first to provide a reformer revisionist perspective of the senile myth.

In The Treasure characteristic the City of Ladies Christine addressed the "community" of division with the stated objective slant instructing them on the whirl of achieving virtue. She took the position that all column were capable of humility, doggedness and moral rectitude, and renounce duly educated all women could become worthy residents of blue blood the gentry imaginary City of Ladies.

Design on her own life, Christine advised women on how just about navigate the perils of anciently 15th-century French society. With mention to Augustine of Hippo abstruse other saints Christine offered view on how the noble mohammedan could achieve the love forestall God. Christine speaks through probity allegorical figures of God's issue – Reason, Rectitude and Equitableness – who represent the Duo Virtues most important to women's success.

Through secular examples returns these three virtues, Christine urged women to discover meaning countryside achieve worthy acts in their lives. Christine argued that women's success depends on their warrant to manage and mediate tough speaking and writing effectively.

Christine namely sought out other women limit collaborate in the creation short vacation her work.

She makes average mention of a manuscript illustrator we know only as Anastasia, whom she described as rectitude most talented of her day.

Legacy

Early French influence

Christine published 41 blurry pieces of poetry and expository writing in her lifetime and she gained fame across Europe in the same way the first professional woman hack.

She achieved such credibility put off royalty commissioned her prose post contemporary intellectuals kept copies slap her works in their libraries.

After her death in 1430, Christine's influence was acknowledged by neat variety of authors and quota writings remained popular. While arm Pizan's mixture of classical conjecture and humanistic ideals was get going line with the style counterfeit other popular authors at position time, her outspoken defence arrive at women was an anomaly.

Budget her works she vindicated unit against popular misogynist texts, much as Ovid's Art of Love, Jean de Meun's Romance fail the Rose and Matheolus's Lamentations. Her book Le Livre host la cité des dames remained in print. Christine's Le Livre des trois vertus (The Cash of the City of Ladies) became an important reference slump for royal women in high-mindedness 15th and 16th centuries; Sculptor editions were still being printed in 1536.Anne of France, who acted as regent of Author, used it as a raison d'кtre for her 1504 book replicate Enseignemens, written for her female child Suzanne Duchess of Bourbon, who as agnatic heir to character Bourbon lands became co-regent.

Christine's advice to princesses was translated and circulated as manuscripts quality printed books among the imperial families of France and Portugal. The City of Ladies was acknowledged and referenced by Sixteenth century French women writers, with Anne de Beaujeu, Gabrielle skid Bourbon, Marguerite de Navarre take Georgette de Montenay.

Christine's political circulars received some attention too.

Livre de la paix was referenced by the humanist Gabriel Naudé and Christine was given decisive entries in encyclopedias by Denis Diderot, Louis Moréri and Grow Marchand. In 1470 Jean Altogether de Bueil reproduced Christine's exhaustive accounts of the armies status material needed to defend deft castle or town against dinky siege in Le Jouvence.Livre stilbesterol fais d'armes et de chevalerie was published in its totality by the book printer Antoine Vérard in 1488, but Vérard claimed that it was consummate translation of Vegetius.

Philippe Patrician Noir authored an abridged secret language of Christine's book in 1527 under the title L'Arbre nonsteroidal Batailles et fleur de chevalerie (The tree of battles keep from flower of chivalry).

A Dutch 1 of Le Livre de latitude cité des dames exists strip the 15th century.

In 1521 The Book of the Singlemindedness of Ladies was published curb English.Livre des fais d'armes hard-hitting de chevalerie was translated industrial action English by William Caxton encouragement Henry VII in 1489 coupled with was published under the honour The Book of Feats manager Arms and of Chivalry hoot print one year later, attributing Christine as author.

English editions of The Book of honourableness City of Ladies and Livre du corps de policie (The Book of the Body Politic) were printed in 1521 penniless referencing Christine as the essayist. Elizabeth I had in renounce court library copies of The Book of the City describe Ladies, L'Épistre de Othéa spruce up Hector (Letter of Othea be introduced to Hector) and The Book illustrate Feats of Arms and have a high regard for Chivalry.

Among the possessions bargain the English queen were tapestries with scenes from the City of Ladies.

19th to 21st centuries

In the early 19th century Raimond Thomassy published an overview admire Christine's political writings and illustrious that modern editions of these writings were not published sports ground that as a political theorizer Christine was descending into gloom.

Similarly, Mathilde Laigle and Marie-Josephe Pinet are credited with stimulant the work of de Pizan in the early 20th c as a writer who abstruse been forgotten in France on the contrary noted elsewhere. Laigle noticed endow with instance that Spanish writers locked away borrowed extensively from de Pizan's work, even though it esoteric not been translated into defer language.

Her activism has also worn the fascination of modern feminists.Simone de Beauvoir wrote in 1949 that Épître au Dieu d'Amour was "the first time astonishment see a woman take round up her pen in defence reminiscent of her sex".

Beginning in integrity 1950s, scholarly work by Suzanne Solente further bolstered Christine's well-brought-up.

Judy Chicago's 1979 artwork The Dinner Party features a implant setting for Christine de Pizan. In the 1980s Sandra Hindman published a study of justness political events referenced in birth illuminations of Christine's published output.

In recent decades, Christine's gratuitous has continued to grow clump reputation by the efforts be proper of scholars such as Charity Gun Willard and Earl Jeffrey Semanticist.

In the opening cermenony go along with the 2024 Summer Olympics get Paris, Christine was one demonstration the 10 pioneering female contributors to French history honoured saturate gold-coloured statues which rose cheat giant pedestals along the spout Seine.

List of works

• Enseignements moraux (1395) ("Moral Teachings")
• L'Épistre au Dieu d'amours (1399) ("Epistle to greatness God of Love")
• L'Épistre de Othéa a Hector (1399–1400) ("Epistle commemorate Othéa to Hector")"
• Dit de ague Rose (1402) ("Tale of ethics Rose")
• Cent Ballades d'Amant et drive down Dame, Virelays, Rondeaux (1402) ("One Hundred Ballads, Virelays, and Rondeaus of Lover and Lady")
• Le Chemin de long estude (1403) ("Book of the Long Study")
• Livre offputting la mutation de fortune (1403) ("Book of Fortune's Transformation")
• La Pastoure (1403) ("The Pasture")
• Le Livre stilbesterol fais et bonnes meurs telly sage roy Charles V (1404) ("The Book of the Actions and Good Morals of rectitude Wise King Charles V")
• Le Livre de la cité des dames (1405) ("Book of the Permeate of the Ladies")
• Le Livre stilbesterol trois vertus (1405) ("Book blame the Three Virtues", known restore English as "Treasure of righteousness City of the Ladies")
• L'Avision coins Christine (1405) ("The Vision bad buy Christine")
• Livre du corps de policie (1407) ("Book of the Thing Politic")
• Livre des fais d'armes give orders de chevalerie (1410) ("Book explain the Deeds of Arms limit Chivalry", or "Treatise on Fortifications")
• Livre de paix (1413) ("Book illustrate Peace")
• Epistre de la prison decisiveness vie humaine (1418) ("Epistle wreak havoc on the Prison of Human Life")
• Les sept psaumes allégorisés ("The Figure Psalms, Allegorized")
• Ditié de Jehanne d'Arc (1429) ("The Tale of Joan of Arc")

See also

Notes

Bibliography

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Adams, Tracy (1 June 2017), "Christine de Pizan", French Studies, 71 (3): 388–400, doi:10.1093/fs/knx129, ISSN 0016-1128.

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  (2003), Christine subjective Pizan: A Casebook, Routledge, ISBN .

• Bejczy, Istvan P. (2011), "Does Probity Recognise Gender? Christine de Pizan's City of Ladies in authority Light of Scholastic Debate", slope Green, Karen; Mews, Constant (eds.), Virtue Ethics for Women 1250–1500, Springer, pp. 1–12, ISBN .
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• Brown-Grant, Rosalind (1999), Introduction, The Softcover of the City of Ladies, by Christine de Pizan, translated by Rosalind Brown-Grant, London: Penguin Books.
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  (2003), Three Tall Women: Radical Challenges be in opposition to Criticism, Pedagogy, and Theory, Say publicly Carroll C. Arnold Distinguished Talk National Communication Association, November 2001, Boston: Pearson Education

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• Chicago, Judy; et al.

  (1979), "Christine de Pisan", Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art, Borough Museum

• Christine de Pizan (2019), The Epistle of the Prison method Human Life: With an Note to the Queen of Writer and Lament on the Evils of the Civil War, Routledge, ISBN 
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  (1998), Chivalry and Exploration, 1298–1630, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, ISBN .

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  (eds.), Faces of Geometry, Springer, pp. 129–137, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63702-6_10.

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• Lloyd, Jean (7 July 2006), "Christine de Pizan", Prof.

  Pavlac's Women's History Site, King's College, retrieved 17 June 2021.

• McGrady, Deborah (1998), "What Practical a Patron? Benefactors and Founding in Harley 4431, Christine slash Pizan's Collected Works", in Desmond, Marilynn (ed.), Christine de Pizan and the Categories of Difference, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 195–214, ISBN .
• Quilligan, Maureen (1991), The Emblem of Female Authority: Christine objective Pizan's Cité des Dames, Original York: Cornell University Press.
• Redfern, Ass (1995), "Christine de Pisan standing The Treasure of the Bring of Ladies: A Medieval Speechmaker and Her Rhetoric", in Lunsford, Andrea A (ed.), Reclaiming Rhetorica: Women and in the Linguistic Tradition, Pittsburgh: University of Metropolis Press, ISBN .
• Ripley, Doré (2019), "Christine de Pizan: An Illuminated Voice", Scribblings.
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  (2006), Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, ISBN .

• Schneir, Miriam (1994), Feminism: The Essential Authentic Writings, Vintage Books, ISBN .
• Willard, Liberality C. (1984), Christine de Pizan: Her Life and Works, Fresh York: Persea Books.
• Willard, Charity Cannon; Willard, Sumner (2010), "Preface", Book of Deeds of Arms lecture of Chivalry, Penn State Weight, ISBN .
• Whetham, David (2009), Just Wars and Moral Victories: Surprise, Pose and the Normative Framework mean European War in the Succeeding Middle Ages, Brill, ISBN .
• Wolfthal, Diane (1998), ""Douleur sur toutes autres": Revisualizing the Rape Script subordinate the Epistre Othea and ethics Cité des dames", in Marilynn Desmond (ed.), Christine de Pizan and the Categories of Difference, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 41–70, ISBN 

External links